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Yaa Merits In Addition To Limitations Of Cotton Fiber Fiber Length Mensuration Instruments (Part-3)

Written By Tuesday 18 December 2018 Edit
Merits together with Limitations of Cotton Fiber Length Measuring Instruments (Part-3)
N.Balasubramanian
Retd Jt. Director (BTRA) together with Consultant
I, Rajeswari, 36, 17th Road, Chembur, Bombay 400071, 9869716298
Email: balajamuna@gmail.com


Previous Part


AFIS (Advanced Fibre Information System)
Fibre samples are opened into private fibres past times feed plate/feed roller together with the opened cloth is aerodynamically presented to electro-optical sensors for measuring length apart from other properties. Apart from mean, distribution is besides determined. There are no USDA calibration cottons for AFIS but Uster gives calibration cottons.

Merits
  1. Numerical sample is used every bit against length biased sample inwards HVI
  2. No quest to laid upwards an array every bit inwards Baer or Suter spider web sorter together with Almeter. Inaccuracy inwards fibre alignment together with density inwards array grooming is avoided.
  3. As both length together with diameter are measured, both numerical together with weight based distribution tin live determined.
  4. Fairly quick every bit 10000 fibres tin live measured inwards a few minutes
Limitation
  1. Since fibre breakages occur with longer fibres, length measured is lower.
  2. Further fibres are non instantly which leads to nether estimation of length.
Image analysis
Fibres manually placed on drinking glass slide are photographed using CCD photographic television receiver camera together with suitable software is used to brand icon processing together with measurements. Ikiz15 et al study the upshot of lighting, resolution, pre processing together with processing algorithms on the accuracy of results. Accuracy of the termination is improved with high resolution images. Image processing is to a greater extent than accurate together with has higher precision than manus measurement, HVI together with AFIS.Y. Xu16 et al developed a method for determining fibre length distribution past times preparing an aligned combed tuft together with cutting it into issue of segments of a known length. The snippets inwards dissimilar segments were scanned past times icon analysis to larn the issue of fibres.

Almeter together with AFIS give results that are ameliorate correlated with sorter results.

Length Biased Mean
The sample from which Baer sorter diagram is prepared is a numerical sample where all fibres accept the same probability of occurrence. But the sample inwards the beard of Fibrograph is a length biased sample (as per Hertel), every bit probability of fibre existence caught is assumed to live proportional to fibre length. If a sliver is clamped across a cross department together with liberate fibres non held past times clamp are combed out, tuft held nether the clamp is a length biased sample. Length biased sample frequency tin live obtained from the numerical sample past times multiplying frequency inwards each marking past times the length of fibre. If the fibres inwards dissimilar length groups are weighed every bit inwards balls sorter together with Suter spider web sorter, length biased sample volition live obtained. Frequency for length inwards a length biased sample is given past times l f(l).

Where, 
 
lm = Length biased hateful

ī = Normal hateful

CV = Coefficient of variation of fibre length.

In Table half dozen Mean, CV together with curt fibre content of normal together with length biased sample of cotton wool of an assumed frequency distribution are compared.

Table half dozen : Comparison of length properties of normal together with length biased distributions

Normal
Length biased
Mean mm
22.5
24.7
CV %
30.1 %
24.7 %
SFC
10.8 %
4.7 %
 
Length biased sample has a higher hateful but lower SFC together with CV.

Comparison of results from dissimilar instruments
Nair17 et al establish that though 2.5 %length past times Baer sorter, HVI together with AFIS are correlated, the values past times HVI are much lower. 2.5% bridge length past times HVI is almost 6-12 mm lower than that of baer sorter together with the divergence increases with fibre length. AFIS gives results about Baer sorter with shorter cottons but gives almost 2-4 lower values with longer cottons mayhap because of fibre breakages.

Audivert together with Casteller18 establish varying degrees of correlation betwixt bridge length past times Digital fibrograph (SL) together with 1. upper one-half hateful length UHML, upper quartile length (UQL) together with hateful length from comb sorter together with 2. Staple length past times Shriley photoelectric stapler. Correlations approach optimum at xxx % SL for comb sorter together with 2.5 to 10 % SL for Shirley photoelectric stapler. Jai Prakash19 establish closed understanding betwixt 2.5 % bridge length from Digital fibrograph together with hateful length past times Balls sorter with curt staple cottons. With increment inwards length, 2.5 % length was progressively to a greater extent than than hateful length past times Balls sorter. SFL (< ½ inch) past times digital fibrograph was highly correlated with SFL past times ( < 8/16 inch)byBalls sorter. Ramsey together with Beaton20 establish a highly pregnant correlation betwixt HVI Uniformity index (UI) together with Comb sorter SFC with U.S.A. of America upland criterion cottons. But correlation betwixt HVI UI together with comb sorter is miserable with commercial crops. Likewise HVI UI has a miserable correlation with digital fibrograph UI. UI from HVI is equal to SFC inwards comb sorter inwards predicting yarn lineament together with physical care for performance. UI from HVI has a proficient correlation with SFC past times Almeter together with SFC past times Almeter gives a proficient prediction of processing functioning together with yarn strength. Bargeron21 establish hateful length past times AFIS Almeter to live shorter than that of comb sorter by1.37 mm. SFC past times issue past times Almeter was higher than that of comb sorter past times 1.7 %. This may live because Almeter measures length with fibres inwards relaxed state.2.5 % together with hateful length of cotton wool are lower but SFC is higher inwards Almeter than Suter spider web sorter. This is attributed to the fact that fibres are instantly with crimp removed inwards Suter piece fibres are inwards relaxed dry reason inwards Almeter. However high correlation is establish betwixt results of Almeter together with comb sorter.

Short fibre content from HVI together with AFIS non alone differ considerably from that of Baer sorter but besides deportment no correlation with it. Bragg together with Shofner22 incorporated a fibre speed sensor inwards AFIS to improve the accuracy. With this SFC levels past times AFIS come upwards closer to Suter spider web sorter, though they are silent higher past times almost 8 – 10 units. On the other hand,Cui23 et al establish pregnant differences inwards SFC betwixt HVI, AFIS together with Suter spider web sorter. Suter sorter gave highest value together with AFIS lowest together with HVI inwards between. This is inwards contradiction to the results of Bragg together with Shofner22. Correlation betwixt the instruments for SFC was lower than that for hateful length. Calibration together with sample non uniformity are mainly responsible for high variation inwards SFC. Thibodeauk24 et al besides establish SFC to live highest past times Suter spider web sorter compared to HVI together with AFIS. Further Suter spider web sorter is to a greater extent than accurate to honour divergence inwards SFC betwixt cottons. Higher correlation is establish betwixt SFC past times HVI together with Suter spider web sorter than that betwixt SFC past times AFIS together with Suter spider web sorter. Zeidman et al review mathematical fundamentals on derivation of SFC past times issue together with weight. SFC is related to make together with shape of fibre length distribution25. Krifa26 establish bimodal frequency length distribution inwards many cottons, every bit measured past times AFIS together with establish that the extent of bimodality is correlated to fibre forcefulness together with maturity. Apart from the normal manner a 2nd acme of lower aAmplitude is establish at 3-4 mm. Stronger cottons exhibit bimodal distribution piece weaker cottons exhibit unimodal distribution. Aggressive opening of the cotton wool makes it unimodal peculiarly with weaker cotton wool because of fibre breakages. Frequency distribution from Ball sorter does not, however, demo bimodal distribution. This may live because it is weight length distribution every bit against issue length distribution past times AFIS. In a subsequent newspaper Krifa27 establish that the length distribution is about unimodel at both depression together with high breakage levels inwards ginning together with processing inwards spinning i.e. ginned lint together with menu sliver. Mature cotton wool exhibits an extended intermediate phase of bimodal distribution compared to young cottons because of lower breakage level.

Xu16 et al, who used icon analysis, silent did non divulge a acme at iii mm. Landstreet28 derived the fibrogram from issue length frequency distribution past times double summation, Based on a reversal of this technique, Krowicki29 et al compared the fibrogram obtained from frequency length distribution past times differential together with algorithm methods. Algorithm method gives results about differential method piece taking less time. Equations for fibrogram from the fibre length distribution were determined past times Azzouz30 et al assuming fibre length distribution to live normal. Good correlation is establish betwixt actual weight length frequency distribution together with adjusted to normal distribution. However issue length distribution deviates considerably from normal together with the equation is non applicable. Cai31 et al establish fibre length distribution plays an of import travel inwards prediction of yarn forcefulness together with irregularity together with it is hence useful to include fibre length distribution every bit an of import lineament parameter of cotton.

Krifa32 emphasized the quest for taking fibre length distribution inwards choice of cotton. Group of bales selected on mutual HVI properties produces mixing with uncontrolled length distribution variability, caused past times fibre breakages, from bales with same but depression maturity. Shapiro33 et al verbalize over mathematical models to examine cotton wool fibre length distribution nether diverse breakage models. Breakages on unclamped together with clamped fibres were analysed. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 physical care for for testing the validity of model determining upshot of breakage on length distribution is proposed.

Krowicki34 examined the upshot of lens width on length inwards Digital fibrograph. Kelly35 et al establish that choice inwards breeding computer program using HVI together with AFIS information gave nearly the same social club of improvement inwards fibre quality.

Hequet36 et al showed that yarn elongation tin live predicted from HVI elongation together with upper one-half hateful length piece yarn forcefulness tin live predicted from AFIS hateful (by weight), fineness together with maturity ratio.

Ureyan together with Kadoglu37 establish highly pregnant correlations betwixt fibre properties measured past times AFIS together with yarn properties.

Cui14 et al showed that a mix of Weibull distributions gives a proficient tally to the actual fibre length distribution of master sample every bit good every bit of the sample picked past times clamp of fibro sampler. Mean length together with upper one-half hateful from theoretical distribution shows proficient understanding with actual results.. Belmasrour38 et al proposed a method for estimating fibre length distribution of a sample from length distribution of fibres projecting from the comb of fibrograph. Predicted bend gives proficient understanding with experimental except inwards curt fibre region.

References
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