Yaa Ergonomic Workplace Evaluation Inwards Ugandan Wearing Clothing Plants (Part-2)

Ergonomic Workplace Evaluation inwards Ugandan Apparel Plants (Part-2)

Tebyetekerwa Mike
Dept. of Textile & Clothing Technology
Kyambogo University
Kampala, Republic of Uganda
Tel: +256(0)773770312 // +256(0)701181383
Email: miketebyeks@gmail.com

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 definition
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific dependent plain concerned amongst the agreement of interactions amid humans in addition to other elements of a system, in addition to the profession that applies theory, principles, information in addition to methods to pattern inwards gild to optimize human well-being in addition to overall arrangement performance.( International Ergonomics Association,2010).

2.1 Why ergonomics?
Ergonomics is a topic that affects us all; all the same few of us accept a expert agreement of what the term genuinely way or realize how it affects us. Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that focuses on designing a project for the worker.

An ergonomically-designed project would ensure that a taller worker had plenty infinite to safely perform his or her job, in addition to also that a shorter worker could attain all of his or her tools in addition to products without reaching beyond a comfortable in addition to prophylactic range. The reverse to this, in addition to what typically happens inwards the workplace, is that a worker is forced to travel inside the confines of the project or workstation that is already inwards place. This may require employees to travel inwards awkward postures, perform the same displace over in addition to over over again or elevator heavy loads – all of which could effort work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). (Sarder et al., 2006)

These injuries oft rootage every bit nestling aches in addition to pains but tin ship away develop into disabling injuries that comport on our activities of daily living such every bit laundry in addition to hobbies (knitting, golf, etc.). Ergonomics aims at preventing injuries past times controlling the opportunity factors such every bit force, repetition, posture in addition to vibration that tin ship away effort injuries to develop. (Jennifer et al., 2001)

2.2 Fundamental ergonomic principals

1. Use proper tools
Tools should hold upwards appropriate for the specific tasks beingness performed. Tools should allow in addition to travel along hands in addition to wrists straight Keep repetitive motions to a minimum

The workstations or tasks tin ship away oft hold upwards redesigned to trim the number of repetitive motions that must hold upwards performed. Using a power-driven screwdriver or tools amongst a ratchet device tin ship away trim the number of twisting motions amongst the arm. Some tasks tin ship away hold upwards automated or redesigned to eliminate repetitive movements in addition to musculoskeletal injuries.

2. Avoid awkward postures
The project should non require i to travel wit hands inwards a higher house shoulder meridian on a regular basis. Arms should hold upwards kept depression in addition to some your body. Bending in addition to twisting of wrists, dorsum in addition to cervix should also hold upwards avoided.

3. Use prophylactic lifting procedures
Avoid lifting objects that are likewise heavy. Use to a greater extent than than i somebody or a mechanical device to trim the load. The workstation should non require i to elevator objects inwards a higher house the caput or twist the dorsum piece lifting

4. Get proper remainder
The worker needs to remainder the torso in addition to heed inwards gild to foreclose injuries. Give muscles a remainder during your java breaks, lunches in addition to weekends past times doing something dissimilar from what you lot do inwards your project

2.3 State of Ergonomics in addition to have on manufacture
The clothing industry is to a greater extent than oft than non seen every bit a prophylactic house to work, in addition to when compared to other industries, at that spot are relatively few serious accidents inwards have on plants. The hazards faced are different. The major wellness risks inwards this manufacture do non arise from immediate, potentially fatal hazards. Instead, the risks that have on workers human face upwards come upwards from to a greater extent than subtle hazards whose effect accumulates over time.(Jennifer et al., 2001)

2.4 Common ergonomic problems inwards clothe plants
Workers inwards the garment industry travel inwards clothes designing, sewing or cutting services, in addition to clothes wholesaling. Due to the nature of these jobs, the prevalence of travel related musculoskeletal disorders has been high. The nature in addition to severity of the disorders accept been considered to hold upwards the results of the project characteristics – constrained in addition to sustained travel postures, highly repetitive actions, in addition to strong visual demands. The consequences are obvious from the ergonomics points of thought – physical in addition to emotional suffering of the workers, high worker compensation costs, decreased productivity in addition to overall inefficiency.

Researchers identified mutual ergonomic problems inwards each of the 4 departments: cutting, assembly, pressing in addition to finishing (Jennifer et al., 2001). The researchers looked at travel practices that created hazards for workers.

2.4.0 Cutting Department
The primary tasks inwards the cutting department are:

• Loading the spreading machine
• Spreading the cloth
• Cutting the cloth Stacking cutting pieces

2.4.0.0 Loading the spreading machine
Loading the spreading machine involves lifting a bolt of cloth from the flooring into a spreader, or on to a spreading tabular array if the cloth is spread past times hand.

Common problems
Loading past times hand. Bolts of cloth lifted past times mitt are real heavy in addition to do a substantial opportunity of depression dorsum injury.

Loading amongst a movable assistance or hoist. Spreaders that require the bolt of cloth to hold upwards threaded amongst a spreader bar – some bars are real heavy. Bolts located on the flooring require the operator to adopt a stooped or squat posture to thread the bar. When no spreader bar is required the operator has to elevator i cease of the bolt at a fourth dimension to attach the hoist.

Loading amongst a ramp. Gravity tin ship away hold upwards used to charge the spreader. The bolt of cloth is lifted onto a ramp past times a forklift truck. The bolt in addition to thence rolls take into the spreader without manipulation past times the operator. The work amongst this technique is that it tin ship away solely hold upwards used amongst sure as shooting types of spreaders.

2.4.0.1 Spreading the cloth

Common problems
Spreading past times hand. Long reaches are required to cutting across the width of the cloth each fourth dimension a layer is completed or flaws are removed from the fabric.

Manual spreading. Using a spreading machine that the operator pushes dorsum in addition to forth on the spreading table.

Operators accept the long attain across the tabular array to cutting the cloth in addition to they accept to manually alternative upwards weights to concur the cloth downward each fourth dimension a layer is completed earlier spreading the cloth inwards the other direction.

Automated spreading. Operators either ride on a plat- shape or walk beside the automatic spreader every bit it moves along the table. Operators oft accept to smoothen the cloth piece it is beingness spread. The tabular array is oft likewise depression in addition to operators accept to curvature their backs piece smoothing. This is a risky posture when maintained for extended periods of time.

2.4.0.2 Cutting the cloth
There accept been nifty advances inwards cutting engineering inwards the garment industry. However, non all workplaces are using the latest technology. Not all plants desire or demand high-tech cutting machines.

Fabric cutting

Common problems
Band saw. Excessive reaching caused past times improper workstation height. Inability to larn some the blade. Poor waste materials disposal. Guarding is an number amongst this technique.

Die cutters. Workstations that are likewise high require the operator to travel amongst raised arms. Workstations that are likewise depression require them to curvature down. Controls oft require pitiful pollex postures. Feeding cloth into the croak cutter sometimes requires a lot of forceful pulling.

Automatic cutters. Sometimes it is hard in addition to requires awkward postures to align the cloth beingness fed into the automatic cutter. The out-feed tables require a lot of reaching when removing the cloth from the table. Controls are non accessible in addition to do non encourage operators to advance the cloth to the cease of the table, which would trim the amount of reaching. The tracks that the automatic cutters displace along do a tripping hazard. 

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