Now You Know Hydroentanglement Bonding Process for Production of Nonwoven Fabric (Part-8)

Hydro-entanglement Bonding Process for Production of Nonwoven Fabric (Part-8)

Eng Mohamed Elsharkawy
Dept. of Textile Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
Email: m.elsharkawy.tex@gmail.com

Previous Part

CHAPTER (6)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

After the experiments we have done on the geo-textile fabric, we find that the effect of weight change on fabric mechanical and filtration properties (hydraulic).

Weight of the fabric is an indicator of mechanical performance only within specific groups of textile, but not between one type of construction and another.

Therefore, it is impossible to use weight alone as a criterion in specifying textiles for civil engineering use. However, in combination of specified factors, weight is a useful indication of the kind of product for a particular purpose.

1. Fabric thickness

600	400	200	Sample code
3.292	2.875	1.9	Thickness(mm)

Fig 6.1.

sample weight 200
sample weight400
sample weight600

2. Fabric weight

600	400	200	Sample code
611.3	408	210.67	Weight(gm/mt^2)

Fig.6.2.

3. Grab tensile strength
At machine direction

600	400	200	Sample code
71.74	35.02	7.64	Tensile strength (kgf)
88.67	78.33	132.67	Elongation%

Fig.6.3

At cross machine direction

600	400	200	Sample code
45.84	30.18	13.98	Tensile strength (kgf)
82.33	70.67	149.33	Elongation%

Fig.6.4

4.Tensile strength or breaking strength

As it is universally to describe the strength of the fabric and show the load at break and elongation at break.
At tensile strength, sample code3 with weight 600 gives the highest strength in both cases (machine direction-cross machine direction) and at the same time it gives the lowest value of elongation.
But, sample code 1with weight 200 gives the lowest strength and the highest elongation.

5. Tear strength

600	400	200	Sample code
58.3	56.3	23	Tear strength (kgf)

Fig.6.5

6. Puncture tear strength

600	400	200	Sample code
33.66	32.14	24.58	Puncture strength (kgf)

Fig .6.6

***Tear and puncture strength

It gives a simulation for working conditions fabric.
At tear strength and puncture strength, due to fiber in cohesion the fabric strength is produced. So, samplecode3 with weight 600 gives the highest value of both and sample code1with weight 200 gives the lowest value of both.

7. Water permeability

600	400	200	Sample code
20.67	14.67	15.67	Water head (cm)

Fig 6.7

***Water permeability
It can vary immensely as it depends on the fabric construction. And it is necessary that water should flow freely through the geo-textile and prevent from unnecessary pressure.

7. Apparent opening size

600	400	200	Sample code
0.35	0.3	0.075	AOS (mm)

Fig .6.8

***Apparent (equivalent) opening size
It gives an indication of the amount and size of particles which can pass through the fabric during usage.

At water permeability and apparent opening size, sample 200 can easily pass any particles and water due to its high porosity, but sample 600 is difficult to let particles or water to flow through it.

From the results, we can see that the effect of weight of three different samples and the change happened in different properties. The meaning of changing weight is changing in fabric construction and this change the fabric properties.

In case of weight increase, the number of fibers increase and the friction between them too. This, in fact gives variable values for each sample.

CHAPTER (7)
CONCLUSION

In this project, we study two parts and they are:

Hydro-entanglement machine for bonding non-woven.
Experiments and testing geo-textiles.

At the beginning, let's talk about hydro-entanglement machine and its versatility in products and its applications. As the most important stage during manufacturing this machine is its design, especially water jets and its influence on fabric properties.

So, we can summarize the main parameters in its design as followed:

Parameters of water jets:

Density of jets: 10 – 30 jets/cm
Jet diameter: 80 – 800 mm
Pressure inside the jet manifold:
up to 60 MPa for web bonding (Fleissner)
up to 25 MPa for web patterning (Perfojet)
Velocity of water jet: 10 – 350 m/sec

Also, we should notice the importance of filtration system to increase the life span of jets and the system should contain:

Typical water purification system has following stages:

air separator,
coarse filter, fine filter
de-ionization unit,
heat exchanger,
bacteria filter.

About the second part ,the tests of geotextiles and to show the effect of increasing the fabric weight on the mechanical and part of hydroluic properties .

We found that the properties increase with weight increase.

Geo-textiles are used in civil engineering earthworks to reinforce vertical and steep banks of soil, to construct firm bases for temporary and permanent roads and highways, to line ground drains, so that the soil filters itself and prevents soil from filling up the drainpipes and to prevent erosion behind rock and stone facing on river banks and the coast. They have been developed since the mid 1970s, but the advent of knitted and composite fabrics has led to a revival in attempts to improve textile construction in a designed fashion. Better physical properties can be achieved by using more than one fabric and by utilizing the best features of each.

CHAPTER (8)
REFERENCES

Pourdeyhimi B. (2005) Introducing to nonwovens, Lecture Notes of Introduction Nonwoven Products and Processes, North Carolina State University, NC.
Medeiros F. J. (1997) Spun-lacing offers Utmost Versatility, American Textiles International, and November: 34-36.
The Nonwovens Handbook (1988) INDA, Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry.
Vuillaume, Andre M.: A Global Approach to the Economics and End Product Quality of Spunlace Nonwovens, Tappi Journal, v.74, Aug '91, 149-152.
White, C. F.: Hydro-entanglement Technology Applied to Wet Formed and Other Precursor Webs, TAPPI Nonwovens Conference, 1990, 177-187
Jaussaud, Jean Paul: Rotary hydraulic Entanglement Technology, Nonwovens in Medical and Healthcare Applications Conference, Nov 10th -12th 1987, Brighton, England.
Allen, Charles H., Jr.: New Development for Spun-lacing Cotton, Paper presented at Fiber Society Conference, University of Tennessee, and Knoxville 19th-21st Oct. 1997
Widen, Christian B.: Forming Fabrics for Spunlace Applications, Tappi Journal, v.74, May '91, 149-153
Information brochure for Hydro-entanglement technology from Valmet Paper Machinery, Honeycomb Systems Inc.
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