Now You Know Hydroentanglement Bonding Process for Production of Nonwoven Fabric (Part-6)

Hydro-entanglement Bonding Process for Production of Nonwoven Fabric (Part-6)

Eng Mohamed Elsharkawy
Dept. of Textile Engineering
Alexandria University
Alexandria, Egypt
Email: m.elsharkawy.tex@gmail.com

Previous Part Next Part

4.2.2. The Hydro-entanglement unit:
It is a box made of stainless steel as it does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, and we use two grades from stainless steel (316 & 304).

The manifold of Hydro-entanglement prototype (bases of the box) is made from 316L stainless steel (300*300*6mm) in as it is more resistant to general corrosion and pitting than conventional nickel chromium stainless steels such as 302-304. It has the following characteristics [16]:

Higher creep resistance
Excellent formability.
Rupture and tensile strength at high temperatures
Corrosion and pitting resistance

The manifold contains Hydro-entangling water jets which are with diameter 3mm and the nozzle-to-nozzle distance (spacing between water jets) is 8 mm.

The number of water jets nozzles has been calculated according to the following equations:

Flow rate = P½ x D2 x N x 2572 x 10-8 m3/ hour/ injector/ meter
Energy = P3/2 x D2 x N x 7 x 10-10 KWH/ injector/ meter

Where:-

P= water pressure (bar)
D=hole diameter (mm)
N= number of holes (per injector per meter)

The number of water jets was calculated to be 444 nozzles on the plate area of (200*200). These nozzles have been fabricated by using Laser cutting with nitrogen so we use 316L stainless steel due to the previous properties but any other material changed when is subjected to Laser Cutting machine.

Figure (4.8): shape of nozzles in plate

The box which contains the water is made from stainless steel 304 (20*20*4) the four corners of the box are welded by using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is frequently referred to as TIG welding[weldih] .

IG Welding Benefits

Superior quality welds
Welds can be made with or without filler metal
Precise control of welding variables (heat)
Free of spate
Low distortion

And after we the box is made it is welded with the manifold and there is space 3 cm between the first manifold and the second manifold , this space is done by putting 6 Iron bushing[17] .

In the space the fiber passes and subject to the water pressure which is passes vertical on the fiber causing entangling between fibers.

Figure (4.9): nozzle box

Figure (4.10): nozzle box

We but the Hydro-entanglement unit on a box to collect water in it and we return this water to the tank (source of water) by using water pump

Figure (4.11): Water collecting tank

Figure (4.12): Water cycle in proto type

Finally the pump had connected to the Hydro-entanglement unit and to the water tank as shown in following figure:

Figure (4.13): Machine prototype

CHAPTER (5)
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

5.1. Introduction
In this chapter, the experiments of geo-textile fabrics; to define some important properties required, will be investigated.

Geo-textiles should fulfill certain requirements to permit material exchange between air and soil, it must allow rain water to penetrate the soil from outside and also excess water to drain out of the earth without erosion of the soil.

5.2. Experimental procedure
In this work, tests are applied to recognize the mechanical and hydraulic properties for three different samples with different weights and compare those properties for the three samples.

5.2.1. Material of geo-textile:
Geo-textiles mainly are made of poly propylene, polyester, poly(ethylene) , poly(amide), poly vinylidene chloride or fiber glass. The samples that will be tested from polyester and they are needle punched.

5.2.2. Testing procedures and apparatus
The following properties will be examined:

5.2.2.1. Fabric thickness
This test was done on fabric thickness

Figure (5.1): Thickness tester

5.2.2.2 Fabric weight
The Samples are prepared by using a template (10*10) cm2 to cut the sample. The testing for the samples was done according to ASTM D3776.

The test has been done at the testing laboratory on Textile Engineering department – Faculty of Engineering.
The fabric weight per unit area is on the scale measured in grams per Square meter.
The results reported for the average of the samples.

Figure (5.2): precision weight balance test

5.2.2.3. Fabric grab tensile strength
The Samples are prepared by dimensions of (1 inch*12inch). The testing is done according to ASTM D5034. The test is done at the testing laboratory on Textile Engineering department – Faculty of engineering. The test is applied by two methods in machine direction and cross machine direction. The results reported from the average of the samples (3samples for each code) and for both directions.

5.2.2.4. Fabric tear strength (single rip by tongue)
The Samples are prepared with dimensions of (7cm*15 cm) or (3inch*12 inch). the test is done according to ASTM D2261 (standard tearing strength by single rip by tongue). The results reported from the average of the samples as 3 samples for each code.

Figure (5.3): Fabrics tear strength

5.2.2.5. Puncture tear strength
The samples are prepared with dimension of a circle with a diameter of (5cm). the test is done at the testing laboratory on Textile engineering department –Faculty of Engineering. The test is done as per ASTM D3786. The results reported as the average of the samples (3samples for each code).

Figure (5.4): Puncture strength

5.2.2.6. Water permeability
The samples diameter is (25cm).the test is done as per ASTM D583. The test is done at the Testing laboratory on Textile Engineering Department –Faculty of Engineering. The results reported the average of samples (3samples for each code).

Figure (5.5): Water permeability

5.2.2.7. Apparent opening size (equivalent opening size)
The test is done as per ASTM D4751and done at the testing laboratory on Textile Engineering Department –Faculty of Engineering. A geo-textile specimen is placed in a sieve frame, and sand beads are placed on the sample surface. ss tester at the testing laboratory on Textile department –faculty of engineering. The testing of the samples was done as per ASTM D1777 (standard test method for fabric thickness) At measuring range (0-10 mm) and the results reported is the average of applied number of samples.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8