Yaa To Ameliorate The Wettability Together With Dyeability Of Polyester Together With Polyester Blended (P/C) Stuff Past Times Using Sericin
Friday 14 December 2018
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To Improve the Wettability together with Dyeability of Polyester together with Polyester Blended (P/C) Fabric past times Using Sericin
G.Ragavendar
M.Sc. inwards Textile Chemistry
SSM College of Engineering, Komarapalayam
Department of Textile Chemistry
Anna University, Chennai – 600 025
G.Ragavendar
M.Sc. inwards Textile Chemistry
SSM College of Engineering, Komarapalayam
Department of Textile Chemistry
Anna University, Chennai – 600 025
Email: ragav.gopal@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Polyester is the most of import stuff inwards textile due to their competitive pricing together with multi functioning characteristics. It is having high mechanical strength, high chemic together with thermal stability, every bit good that the polyester having many undesirable characters. That is pathetic H2O permeability, pathetic wettability together with depression wet regain. So nosotros are using higher temperature for dyeing the polyester.
These disadvantages are overcome past times applying the sericin on the surface of the polyester fabric. In the silk processing manufacture sericin is removed through a procedure known every bit degumming prior to dyeing.
Sericin is a 2nd type of silk poly peptide which comprise xviii amino acids, including essential amino acids together with is characterized past times the presence of 32% of sericin. This sericin is a H2O soluble protein. In this projection nosotros take hold to verbalize over virtually the outcome ofsericin finishing on wettability together with dyeability of the polyesterand polyester blended (P/C) fabric. The sericin is applied on the alkali pre-treated polyesterand polyester blended (P/C) stuff amongst unlike concentration amongst the occupation of cross linking agent isopropyl alcohol. The wet regain holding is analysed. I promise that the wet regain holding of polyester together with polyester blended (P/C) volition increment after sericin application. Then improvement inwards the dyeability together with fastness properties for unlike concentration of sericin are analysed after disperse dyeing is carried out.
These disadvantages are overcome past times applying the sericin on the surface of the polyester fabric. In the silk processing manufacture sericin is removed through a procedure known every bit degumming prior to dyeing.
Sericin is a 2nd type of silk poly peptide which comprise xviii amino acids, including essential amino acids together with is characterized past times the presence of 32% of sericin. This sericin is a H2O soluble protein. In this projection nosotros take hold to verbalize over virtually the outcome ofsericin finishing on wettability together with dyeability of the polyesterand polyester blended (P/C) fabric. The sericin is applied on the alkali pre-treated polyesterand polyester blended (P/C) stuff amongst unlike concentration amongst the occupation of cross linking agent isopropyl alcohol. The wet regain holding is analysed. I promise that the wet regain holding of polyester together with polyester blended (P/C) volition increment after sericin application. Then improvement inwards the dyeability together with fastness properties for unlike concentration of sericin are analysed after disperse dyeing is carried out.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Polyester is a term oftentimes defined every bit “long-chain polymers chemically composed of at to the lowest degree 85% past times weight of an ester together with a dihydric alcohol together with a terephthalic acid”. In other words, it agency the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol amongst carboxylic acid results inwards the formation of esters.Polyester also refers to the diverse polymers inwards which the backbones are formed past times the “esterification condensation of polyfunctional alcohols together with acids”. Polyester tin also live classified every bit saturated together with unsaturated polyesters. Saturated polyesters refer to that trouble solid unit of measurement of polyesters inwards which the polyester backbones are saturated. They are thus non every bit reactive every bit unsaturated polyesters. They consist of depression molecular weight liquids used every bit plasticizers together with every bit reactants inwards forming urethane polymers, together with linear, high molecular weight thermoplastics such every bit polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron together with Mylar). Usual reactants for the saturated polyesters are a glycol together with an acid or anhydride.Unsaturated polyesters refer to that trouble solid unit of measurement of polyesters inwards which the backbone consists of alkyl thermosetting resins characterized past times vinyl unsaturation. They are by together with large used inwards reinforced plastics. These are the most widely used together with economical trouble solid unit of measurement of resins. Characteristics of Polyester every bit follows;
- Polyester fabrics together with fibers are extremely strong.
- Polyester is real durable: resistant to most chemicals, stretching together with shrinking, wrinkle resistant, mildew together with abrasion resistant.
- Polyester is hydrophobic inwards nature together with quick drying. It tin live used for insulation past times manufacturing hollow fibers.
- Polyester retains its shape together with thus is proficient for making outdoor have on for harsh climates.
- It is easily washed together with dried.
Sericin is a poly peptide created past times Bombyx mori (silkworms) inwards the production of silk. Silk emitted past times the silkworm consists mainly of 2 proteins, sericin together with fibroin; fibroin beingness the structural take in of the silk, together with sericin beingness the mucilage coating the fibres together with allowing them to stick to each other. Silk sericin has been used for over 3500 years past times the world elite to rejuvenate their pilus together with skin. The chemic composition of sericin is C30H40N10O16. Silk sericin due to its proteinous nature is susceptible to the activity of proteolytic enzymes nowadays inwards torso together with thus it is digestible. This holding makes it a biocompatible together with biodegradable material. Because of some additional properties like, gelling ability, wet retentiveness capacity, together with peel adhesion. it has broad applications inwards medical, pharmaceutical, together with cosmetics.
1.1 Objectives of the study
- Extraction of the sericin from silk.
- Application of sericin inwards the polyester stuff past times pad-dry-cure method using unlike concentration of sericin.
- To analyse the wet regain holding of sericin treated polyester fabric.
- Application of reactive dye on the sericin treated polyester stuff at unlike temperature ranges from 60oC, 80oC together with 100oC.
- Analyse the fastness properties of the reactive dyed samples at unlike temperature.
- The sericin extracted from the silk having aspartic acid, together with serine. These are real useful for increasing the wet regain holding of the polyester.
- Using the sericin nosotros are going to improve the wet regain holding of the polyester. And also nosotros are trying to brand the polyester stuff dyeable amongst reactive dyes.
CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 TEXTILE FIBRES
Textile fibres may live defined every bit units of matters characterised past times fineness, flexibility, together with high ratio of length to thickness. In club to live occupation every bit textiles, the fibres must also take hold a sufficiently high temperature stability together with a for sure minimum strength, extensibility, elasticity, together with wet content.
The length to thickness ratio should live at to the lowest degree 500:1. The textile fibres are classified nether 2 categories that are natural fibre, synthetic fibre. [4]
2.1.1 Natural Fibre
H5N1 fibre that occurs naturally or is produced past times nature is a natural fibre. Natural fibres may live of animal, vegetable or mineral origin, e.g. cotton, wool, silk, etc. [4]
2.1.2 Man-Made Fibre
H5N1 fibre manufacture past times man, every bit distinct from a fibre that occurs naturally, is a man- made fibre, e.g. rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, acetate, spandex fibres etc.[4]
2.2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF POLYESTER
2.2.1 Polymerisation Process
Pure Terepthalic Acid (TPA) together with ethylene glycol are combined amongst catalysts to shape pet together with water. In the start stair direct esterification or transesterification results inwards pre-polymer known every bit bis (2-hydroxy ethyl terephthalate) (BHET) or diglycol terephthalate(DGT). In the 2nd step, DGT is polymerised, past times polycondensation to make PET polymer together with ethylene glycol.[4]
 |
| Figure.2.1 Schematic diagram of extrusion polyester fibre |
Polycondensation takes house inwards the same style similar that of transesterification. Several factors are decisive inwards achieving high marker PET.
The reaction temperature, vaccum inwards condensation vessel, catalyst all create upwards one's heed the course of study of polycondensation. The catalysts employed for Trasesterification are effective for poly condensation.
Low concentration of catalyst volition resultant inwards depression viscosity. The temperature remains betwixt 270oC-280oC.[4]
N[HOOC(C6H4)COOH]+N[HO(CH2)2OH] → [OC(C6H4)COO(CH2)2O]N+(2n-1)H2O
TPA Ethylene glycol PET Water
2.2.3 Extrusion Process Of Polyester
Polyester fibres are melting spun. The polymer chips taken for melt spinning must live sufficiently dry. If they are non dry out enough, they volition live degraded the melting together with spinning processes due to the activity of the oxygen at high temperature.
The dry out chips are lay into hopper reservoirs, from which they autumn on to an electrically heated grid together with melt. The melt passes through the grid to a molten polymer pool. It is so pumped past times agency of a metering pump through a filter together with extruded through a spinneret amongst circular holes. The private filaments that come upwards out of the spinneret solidify almost at in 1 trial due to a blast of mutual frigidity air that hitting them.
They are so collected together haul-off roller together with injure on to spools every bit undrawn yarn past times agency of a select up/winding device.
The take-up speed is 800-1,200m/min. the spin complete stone oil is applied to the yarn precisely before select upwards to travel far suitable for piece of cake processing during farther textile processes such every bit weaving, knitting.
The speed of the metering pump determines the denier of the extruded filaments, the higher the speed, the greater the denier due to the large quantity of polymer melt coming out together with vice versa.
The filter ensures that no impurities or improperly dissolved polymer particles are passed on to the spinneret. Both of these would choke some holes inwards the spinneret together with give rising to a variation inwards the filament denier.
The select upwards speed determines the marker of orientation of molecules inwards the filaments. Higher select upwards speed produces yarn of correspondingly higher marker of orientation. [4]
2.2.4 Uses Of The Polyester
- Used every bit have on stuff every bit 100% polyester together with blend amongst cotton, wool, viscose, together with acrylic fibres.
- Used every bit a trouble solid concur textile inwards the forms of bed sheets, pillow covers, curtains, etc.
- It is used every bit a tyre cord yarn to strengthen tyres, also every bit reinforcement yarn inwards v-belts, conveyor belt.
- It is used every bit a insulation stuff inwards motors together with every bit ropes, fishnets, canvas cloth .
- It is used every bit a coated stuff for protective have on gloves, footwear, etc.[4]
 |
| Figure.2.2 Texturising procedure of polyester yarn |
- The normal tenacity of the polyester yarn is 5-6 gm/denier together with the elongation at interruption is 25-30%
- The high tenacity yarn having the tenacity of 8-9 gms/denier together with elongation at interruption is 10-12%
- The wet absorption of the polyester stuff is 0.4%
- The polyester having the density that is specific gravity of 1.38g/cc
- Polyester stuff is pathetic conductor of electricity. So it is used every bit a proficient insulator of electricity.
- Regular polyester fibre has a smoothen cylindrical appearance inwards longitudinal view. And circular shape inwards cross-sectional view.
- The melting dot of the polyester fibre is 250-260oC.[4]
- Regular polyester has an average DP of 115-140. The marker of crystallinity ranging from 65-85%
- Polyester stuff too lose strength when exposed to Sun low-cal for long period, due to the harmful outcome of ultra purple rays the chemic construction of polyester volition destroyed.
- The polyester stuff having to a greater extent than resistance to acids. but having depression resistance to strong alkalis.
- The polyester fibres are dissolved past times the organic chemicals hot m-cresol, concentrated sulphuric acid, together with orthochlorophenol.
- The insects together with micro-organisms practise non assault the polyester fabric.[4]
- The absence of the H2O attracting polar grouping
- The high marker of crystallinity of the fibre
- There is no reaction grouping inwards the molecular structure.[20]
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows inwards a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of cotton wool plants of the genus Gossypium inwards the trouble solid unit of measurement of Malvaceae. The fibre is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton wool bolls volition tend to increment the dispersal of the seeds.
TYPES OF COTTON
There are 4 commercially grown species of cotton, all domesticated inwards antiquity:
- Gossypium hirsutum – upland cotton, native to Central America, to Mexico, the Caribbean Area together with southern Florida (90% of world production)
- Gossypium barbadense – known every bit extra-long staple cotton, native to tropical South America (8% of world production)
- Gossypium arboreu – tree cotton, native to Republic of Republic of India together with Islamic Republic of Pakistan (less than 2%)
- Gossypium herbaceum- Levant cotton, native to southern Africa together with the Arabian Peninsula (less than 2%)
Properties of Cotton
The next properties of cotton wool fibres are considered for cotton wool spinning :-
Fiber length :
The average length of spinnable fibre is called staple length. Staple length is 1 of the most of import fibre characteristics. The quality, count, strength etc. depend on the staple length of fibre.
Fiber length influence :
- Spinning limit,
- Yarn strength,
- Yarn evenness,
- Handle of the product,
- Luster of the product,
- Yarn hairiness,
- Productivity.
- Average : (25-35) mm
- Short length : 1.010" or less.
- Medium length : 1.03" to 1.13"
- Long length : 1.16" to 1.6"
- Extra long length : 1.6" to higher upwards
Fineness is 1 of the most of import parameter determining the yarn character characteristics. Fibre fineness influences the number of fibres inwards the cross department of yarn. Thirty fibers are needed at the minimum inwards the yarn cross department but at that spot are commonly over 100. One hundred is some the lower bound for almost all novel spinning process. This indicates that fineness volition travel to a greater extent than important.
Fiber influence primarily :
- Spin limit,
- Yarn strength,
- Yarn evenness,
- Drape of the stuff product,
- Handle,
- Luster,
- Yarn fullness,
- Productivity.
Rating of MIC value –
MIC value ----------------->Fineness
- Up to 3.1 ------------very fine
- 3.1 to 3.9 ------------fine
- 4.0 to 4.9 ------------medium
- 5.0 to 5.9 ------------slightly coarse
- 5.9 to higher upwards ---------coarse.
The maturity of cotton wool is defined inwards terms of the evolution of prison theatre cellular telephone wall. H5N1 fully mature fiber has a good developed thick prison theatre cellular telephone wall. On the other hand, an young fibre has a real sparse cell. The fibre is to live considered every bit mature fibre when the prison theatre cellular telephone wall of the moisture-swollen fibre represents 50-80% of the circular cross section, every bit young when it represents 30-45% together with every bit dead when it represents less than 25%.
 |
| Fig: Cotton fiber construction |
- Nepping,
- Loss of yarn strength,
- Varying dye ability,
- High proportion of small fibres,
- Processing difficulties mainly at the bill of fare
Immature fibre → Dye absorb ↓.
Fiber Strength :
Toughness of fibre has a direct outcome on yarn & stuff strength.
Fibre strength ↑→ Yarn & Fabric strength.↑
Very weak cottons tend to rupture during processing both inwards blow room & carding, creating small fibres & consequently deteriorate yarn strength & uniformity.
The next scale of value is used :
- Below to 70% → weak,
- 70% to 74% → fairly strong,
- 75% to 80% → medium strong,
- 81% to 86% → strong,
- 87% to 92% → real strong,
- 93% & higher upwards → excellent.
In add-on to usable fibers, cotton wool stock comprise unusual affair or trash or unusual stuff of diverse kinds :-
Vegetable affair :
- Husk portions
- Seed fragments
- Stem fragments
- Wood fragments.
- Earth
- Sand, dust, coal.
- Metal fragments
- Cloth fragments
- Packing materials.
- Drafting disturbance,
- Yarn breakage,
- Filling upwards of bill of fare clothing,
- Contaminated yarn.
- Up to 1.2% → real build clean
- 1.2% to 2.0% → build clean
- 2.0% to 4.0% → medium
- 4.0% to 7.0% → muddy
- 7.0% & higher upwards → real dirty.
2.3.1 Carrier Dyeing Method
Procedure
- At first, a glue of dye together with dispersing agent is prepared together with so H2O is added to it.
- Dye bathroom is kept at 60°C temperature together with all the chemicals along amongst the stuff are added to it. Then the bathroom is kept for fifteen min without raising the temperature.
- pH of bathroom is controlled past times acetic acid at 4-5.5.
- Now temperature of dye bathroom is raised to 90°C together with at that temperature the bathroom is kept for sixty min.
- Then temperature is lowered to 60°C together with resist together with reduction cleaning is done if required. Reduction cleaning is done exclusively to improve the launder fastness.
- Material is over again rinsed good after reduction cleaning together with so dried. [20]
 |
| Figure.2.3 Dyeing procedure of polyester past times Carrier Dyeing Method |
Procedure
- At start a glue of dye together with dispersing agent is prepared together with H2O is added to it.
- PH is controlled past times adding acetic acid.
- This status is kept for fifteen minutes at temperature 60°C.
- Then the dye bathroom temperature is raised to 130°C together with this temperature is maintained for 1 hour. Within this time, dye is diffused inwards dye bath, adsorbed past times the fibre together with thus required shade is obtained.
- The dye bathroom is cooled every bit early on every bit possible after dyeing at 60°C.
- The stuff is hot rinsed together with reduction cleaning is done if required.
- Then the stuff is finally rinsed together with dried. [20]
 |
| Figure.2.4 High Temperature polyester Dyeing Method |
Thermosol dyeing is continuous methods of dyeing amongst disperse dye. Here dyeing is performed at high temperature similar 180-220°C inwards a unopen vessel.
Here fourth dimension of dyeing should live maintained real carefully to instruct required shade together with to retain required stuff strength. [20]
Sequence
Pading
↓
Drying
↓
Thermofixing
↓
Aftertreatment
Procedure
- At start the stuff is padded amongst dye solution using higher upwards recipe inwards a 3 bowl padding mangle.
- Then the stuff is dried at 100°C temperature inwards dryer. For dyeing, infra cerise drying method is an ideal method past times which H2O is evaporated from stuff inwards vapor form. This eliminates the migration of dye particles.
- Then the stuff is passed through thermasol unit of measurement where thermo fixing is done at virtually 205°C temp for 60-90 seconds depending on type of fibre, dye together with depth of shade. In thermasol procedure virtually 75-90% dye is fixed on fabric.
- After thermo fixing the unfixed dyes are washed off along amongst thickener together with other chemicals past times warm water.
- Then lather launder or reduction cleaning is done if required. And finally the stuff is washed .[20]
Polyester are the synthetic fibre. They are essentially undyeable below 70–80 °C, leaving exclusively a 20– thirty °C attain for increasing the dyeing charge per unit of measurement before reaching the boiling temperature. The charge per unit of measurement of diffusion of disperse dyes into the polyester below 100 °C is so depression that dyeing at the boil does non give reasonable exhaustion.
The charge per unit of measurement of dyeing is higher for dyes of little molecular size that take hold higher diffusion coefficients. Dyeing is faster when using fiber swelling agents called carriers to improve the fibre accessibility, or when dyeing at higher temperatures higher upwards 100 °C to increment the dye diffusion rate. [20]
2.5 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION
Thickness of the surface is crucial. Thin surface modifications are desirable, otherwise mechanical together with functional properties of the stuff volition live altered. This is to a greater extent than so when dealing amongst nano fibers every bit at that spot is less volume stuff present. Sufficient atomic or molecular mobility must be for surface changes to occur inwards reasonable periods of time.
The driving forcefulness for the surface changes is the minimization of the interfacial energy. Stability of the altered surface is essential, achieved past times preventing whatever reversible reaction.
This tin live done past times cross-linking and/or incorporating bulky groups to foreclose surface structures from moving. In some cases a transparent scaffold is desired, especially inwards optical sensors or ophthalmology; after surface handling they should rest transparent. Any cloudiness introduced is of existent concern.Uniformity, reproducibility, stability, procedure control, speed, together with reasonable cost should live considered inwards the overall procedure of surface modification.
The powerfulness to accomplish uniform surface handling of complex shapes together with geometries tin live essential for sensor together with biomedical applications. Precise command over functional groups. This is a challenging yet hard scope.
Many functional groups mightiness bond to the surface such every bit hydroxyl, ether, carbonyl, carboxyl, together with carbonate groups, instead of 1 desired functional group.[14]
2.6 SILK
The silk is composed of the proteins fibroin, sericin every bit good every bit soluble organic affair such every bit fats, wax sand pigments together with minerals.
Silk is a naturally coloured xanthous or dark-green together with thus contains a little amount of colouring matter. Some ash volition rest after silk is burned. The content of all these substances is non constant together with varies amongst inwards broad limits depending on the species silk worm together with on the location together with weather of rearing. [18]
 |
| Figure 2.5 Microscopic persuasion of silk |
- 72%-81% of fibroin
- 19-28% of sericin
- 0.8-1% 0f obese together with wax
- 1.4%- Colouring together with ash
2.6.1 Introduction About Sericin
Republic of Republic of India is the 2nd largest producer of silk inwards the world together with has the distinction of producing all the 4 varieties of silk. Presently, Republic of Republic of India produces nearly16700 mt silk reeled silk prices are inwards the attain of Rs 900-1300/kg, the pierced cocoons together with waste matter silk generated at the rearing are sold at Rs 80-100/kg. This waste matter contributes nearly 30% of total cocoon production.1, 2 Silk fiber is made of 2 types of proteins—silk fibroin together with sericin. Sericin contributes virtually 20-30 percent of total cocoon weight.
It is characterized past times its high content of serine together with xviii aminoacids, including essential amino acids. There are unlike methods of isolation of sericin from silk filament. Solubility, molecular weight together with gelling properties of sericin depend on the method of isolation. Silk is a continuous strand of 2 filaments cemented together forming the cocoon of silk worm, Bombyx mori. Silk filament, a double strand of fibroin, is held together past times a pasty heart called silk sericin or silk gum. Silk fibroin is the poly peptide that forms the silk filament together with gives its unique physical together with chemic properties.
Silk adapts diverse secondary structures, including α-helix, β-sheet together with crossed β-sheet. Silk sericin, a natural poly peptide obtained from silk-worm cocoon has a combination of many unique properties such every bit biodegradability, nontoxicity, oxidation resistance, antimicrobial activity, UV resistance, together with absorbs moisture.
It is estimated that out of virtually 1 meg tons (fresh weight) of cocoons produced worldwide some 400000 tons of dry out cocoons are generated, that take hold 50000 tons of recoverable sericin.Indian production of 1600 tons of silk tin live source of virtually 250-300 tons of sericin per twelvemonth .
If this sericin poly peptide is recovered together with recycled, it would live a meaning economical together with social benefit. Molecular wt of sericin poly peptide ranges from 24 to 400 kDa amongst predominant amino acid group’s -serine (40%), glycine (16%), glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, tyrosine. Thus it consists of polar side chain made of hydroxyl, carboxyl together with amino groups that enable piece of cake cross-linking, copolymerization together with blending amongst other polymers to shape improved biodegradable materials. Various scientists take hold classified sericin of cocoon musical rhythm into 2 classes: α-sericin together with β-sericin. The outer coccon musical rhythm is made of α-sericin spell inner layer of β-sericin. The α-sericin contains less C together with H together with to a greater extent than N together with O than the β-sericin. Solubility of α-sericin is higher than β-sericin inwards hot water.[10]
2.6.2 Properties Of Sericin
Molecular Weight
Molecular weight of sericin depends on the method of extraction. When sericin is extracted amongst 1% sodium deoxycholate solution,molecular weightis 17100-18460.
When it is extracted past times hot H2O it shows molecular wt. of 24000 past times gel electrophoresis. When it is extracted past times enzyme activity mol. wt. is 3000-10000 together with when it is extracted amongst aqueous urea mol.wt. is around 50000.[5]
Property Of Gelling
It consists of random scroll together with β-sheet structure. Random scroll construction is soluble inwards hot H2O together with every bit the temperature lowers, the random scroll construction convert to β-sheet structure, this results inwards gel formationof, Sericin has sol-gel holding every bit it easily dissolves into H2O at 50-600C together with over again retuns to gel on cooling. [5]
Isoelectric Ph
In sericin at that spot are to a greater extent than acidic than basic amino acid residues, thus the isoelectric dot of sericin is around 4.0 [5]
Solubility
Solubility of sericin inwards H2O decreases when the sericin molecules are transformed from random scroll into β-sheet structure. Solubility of sericin may live increased past times add-on of poly Sodium acrylate together with it may live decreased past times the add-on of formaldehyde, polyacrylamide or resin based finishes .[5]
2.6.3 Different Amino Acids Present In Sericin [6]
Table.2.1.Differntiation of Mulberry silk together with wild silk
Mulberry silk | Wild silk | |
Lysine | 20-30% | 20-30% |
Serine | 16-20% | 7-16% |
glycine | 8-10% | 10-20% |
Aspartic acid | 8-12% | 7-10% |
Glutamic acid | - | 4-6% |
arginine | - | 5-15% |
threonine | 4-6% | 3-10% |
histidine | 4-6% | 3-6% |
tyrosine | - | 4-6% |
The sericin solutions were prepared past times dissolving 10g sericin pulverization inwards deionized H2O together with stirring for fifteen min to shape solutions of 10% together with 30% concentration. The feed solutions were spray dried amongst a laboratory-scale spray dryer. The solutions were pumped into the drying sleeping room at charge per unit of measurement of 1.25 x 10-7 together with 2.5x10-7 m3/s feed solutions were pneumatically atomized through a nozzle using compressed air at fixed pressure. [13]
2.6.5 Extraction Of Sericin Using Differrent Methods
Silk sericin was extracted using unlike methods including heat, acid, alkali together with urea treatments every bit following.
Heat treatment
H5N1 high temperature together with high pressure level degumming technique was used to prepare heat-degraded silk sericin solution. Cocoons of Bombyx mori silkworms were cutting into foursquare pieces (about 5 mm2), together with silk sericin was extracted inwards purified H2O (1 g of dry out silk cocoon: thirty ml of water) using autoclaving at 120 0C for sixty min. The silk sericin solution was filtered to withdraw fibroin. Hot H2O extraction of raw silk, followed past times evaporation to obtain powder. Boiling of the unsmooth silk inwards H2O together with renewing the H2O until the extract no longer gives a precipitate amongst gallic acid.
Three successive 1 h extractions of silk are merely heating inwards H2O at 100ºC or autoclaving at 118°C or autoclaving for 3 h nether 2.5-3 atmosphere pressure. Sericin amongst average molecular weight of 50,000 extracted amongst aqueous solution of urea at 100ºC from cocoons. Using H2O at 50-60ºC for 25 d to avoid the decomposition.[26]
Acid handling
Citric acid solution was used to prepare acid-degraded silk sericin solution.Cocoons of Bombyx mori silkworms were cutting into little pieces, added amongst 1.25% citric acid solution together with boiled for thirty min.
After filtration to withdraw insoluble fibers, the clear filtrate was at in 1 trial dialyzed inwards distilled H2O for 3 days using cellulose membrane.[26]
Alkali handling
Sodium carbonate solution was used to prepare alkali-degraded silk sericin solution. Cocoons of Bombyx mori silkworms were cutting into little pieces together with added with0.5% sodium carbonate solution. Other processes are same every bit acid treatment.[28]
Enzymes Treatment
Extraction is carried out past times using enzyme alkylase or amongst 2-2.5g/L alkaline metal protease at 60°C for xc min, at pH 10. Hydrolysis amongst trypsin at unlike concentrations, temperatures together with handling times is employed for extraction of sericin. For 1 per cent of trypsin solution the hydrolysis is almost consummate inwards 10 together with 32 h at 20°C.. The amount of sericin obtained past times 4 h handling amongst 1 together with 8 per cent of trypsin solution is 26.4 together with 28.7 per cent, respectively.[28]
Ammonium sulfate atmospheric precipitation
1.5gm of Ammonium sulfate was added to10 ml of degummed H2O amongst continuous stirring. The mixture was left on H2O ice for thirty minutes followed past times centrifugation at 8,000 g at 4°C for 10mins. The pellet formed was washed amongst 95% ethanol, dried together with stored at -20°C.[28]
TCA atmospheric precipitation
The degummed H2O was mixed amongst TCA stock (500g of TCA inwards 350 ml distilled water) inwards 1:4 ratio (TCA stock: poly peptide sample) together with centrifuged at 8000 g for 10 min. The pellet was washed thrice amongst H2O ice mutual frigidity acetone together with dried. [28]
Calcium chloride Precipitation
10 ml of degummed H2O was addedto varying volumes of 1M calcium chloride (0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.5 ml together with 2.0 ml) together with the total volume was adjusted to12 ml amongst distilled water. The solution was left on H2O ice for thirty min together with was centrifuged at 8000 g for 10 min. [1]
2.6.6 Application Of Silk Sericin
As a full general adsorbent/biosorbent
Although ion telephone substitution resins together with activated carbons take hold long been recognized every bit effective commercial adsorbents for treating industrial wastewaters containing adsorptive pollutants, their high cost together with depression efficiency take hold limited their commercial occupation inwards actual industrial scenarios. Considering their cost together with efficiency, biomass-based adsorbents or biosorbents are to a greater extent than attractive alternatives than ion telephone substitution resins together with activated carbons. Silk sericin derived from waste matter biomass is depression cost together with effective for removal of acidic dyes together with other anionic dyes from water. Sericin is a complex biosorbent rich inwards amide groups that could live farther altered to accomplish unlike adsorption conduct together with selectivity for targeted remediation of polluted water.
Sericin biosorbent could selectively adsorb precious metals similar gold, palladium etc from solution containing other impurities. The occupation of biosorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous waste matter waters, is 1 of the most recent developments inwards environmental engineering.
The major advantages of this engineering over conventional ones include non exclusively its depression cost, but also its high efficiency%, the minimization of chemic or biological sludges, the powerfulness to regenerate biosorbents, together with the possibility of metallic recovery next adsorption.
Adsorptive pollutants similar metals together with dyes tin live removed past times living microorganisms, but tin also live removed past times dead biological material. Feasibility studies for large scale applications take hold demonstrated that biosorptive processes using non living biomass are inwards fact to a greater extent than applicable than the bioaccumulative processes that occupation living microorganisms, since the afterward require a nutrient provide together with complicated bioreactor systems.
In add-on maintenance of a salubrious microbial population is hard due to toxicity of the pollutants beingness extracted together with other unsuitable environmental factors similar temperature together with pH of the solution beingness treated. Recovery of valuable metals is also limited inwards living cells, since these may live natural springtime intracellularly. For these reasons attending has been focused on the occupation of non living biomass every bit biosorbents. [11]
As H5N1 Adsorbent For Removal Of Trivalent Chromium Amphiphilic core-shell PMA-SS (poly methyl acrylate-silk sericin) nanoshperes were prepared past times graft copolymerisation of methyl acrylate together with silk sericin using tert-butyl hydroperoxide every bit initiator. FMA-SS nanospheres ranged from 100 to 150 nm, together with The diameter o their average size was 115 nm amongst narrow distribution. The PMA-SS nanospheres were constitute to live effective inwards the adsorption of trivalent chromium from aqueous solutions, together with the maximum adsorption observed was 4.876 mg Cr3+/g of adsorbent.
The adsorption equilibrium tin live reached after virtually 3 h. With the increment inwards pH values, the adsorption increased obviously. The add-on of KCl had a lilliputian outcome on the adsorption equilibrium. Furthermore, the values of adsorption obtained amongst using PMA-SS nanospheres were significantly higher that amongst SS pulverization use. The PMA-SS nanospheres are considered to take hold potential applications inwards wastewater handling for the removal of heavy metallic ions such every bit trivalent chromium species.[19]
As H5N1 Wound Dressing/Wound Care Material
Sericin has been constitute to posses injure healing holding together with tin live used every bit injure healing roofing stuff inwards the shape of film. Sericin, a silk protein, has high potential for occupation inwards biomedical applications. However, increasing the proportion of sericin had decreasing outcome on the membrane stability.
Water swelling holding of membranes was enhanced amongst sericin. Wound dressing materials take hold evolved significantly inwards the past times quarter century.
An ideal injure healing stuff should live biocompatible, protective from secondary infections together with should foreclose H2O loss spell controlling H2O vapor together with oxygen permeabilities. In add-on to these, injure dressing should take hold mechanical properties compatible amongst the peel together with improve the healing procedure past times actively attracting the cells to the injure area. Overall results advise that sericin/collagen membranes would live favorable every bit injure dressing stuff when sericin ratio is less than or equal to the collagen component. Fibroin together with sericin when sulphonated present antithrombic outcome . Silk sericin membranes are proficient bandage materials together with the celluloid has adequate flexibility together with tensile strength. Sericin is a novel injure coagulant stuff because of its biocompatible together with infection resistant nature. Its flexibility together with H2O absorption properties promote smoothen cure for defects inwards the peel together with practise non campaign whatever peeling of the peel nether regeneration when detached from the skin.[11]
Improvements In Properties Of Synthetic Fabrics
High pressure, High temperature extraction technique is the best method of extraction of sericin. It also provides the purest shape of sericin. The sericin stored inwards the dry out shape (powder) is also an convenient storage method together with does non involve whatever preservative.
Sericin tin live fixed past times both Formaldehyde together with glutaraldehyde fixatives. The modify inwards the concentration of the cross linking agents modify the properties of the treated fabrics.
Higher concentrations of Formaldehyde together with glutaraldehyde fixatives are non necessary for the optimum cross linking. Higher concentrations of cross linking agents non exclusively modify the properties of the treated fabrics but also deteriorate the construction of fabric. Functional properties of some synthetic fibers tin live improved past times coating amongst silk sericin protein. Sericin modified polyester is 5 times to a greater extent than hygroscopic than untreated polyester. [19]
Improvements In Properties Of Woolen Fabrics
The results of a study showed that sericin has an affinity for wool, whereas it does non take hold whatever affinity for cotton. Sericin was fixed on wool fiber nether defined weather amongst an exhaustion charge per unit of measurement of virtually 48% for a concentration of 2.5% (w/w) (compared to the mass of sample).
Concerning the outcome on wool-treated fabrics; a per centum of sericin 5% (w/w) improved the acquit upon of wool fabrics samples until a score of 4 points, every bit good every bit the absorption of H2O amongst a turn a profit of 0.75%.
The samples also showed an improved antibacterial activity. These analyses expose the multifunctionality of sericin every bit a finishing agent, it improve both fabrics absorption together with mitt amongst an acceptable clear brownish shade. In industry, these finishing effects are typically obtained past times the occupation of toxic chemicals. Thus, sericin could live the investigative focus of involvement to live used every bit a biodegradable production amongst meaning finishing effects, because of its available properties together with reactivities.
Yet, it is interesting to improve the sericin exhaustion charge per unit of measurement past times using to a greater extent than sophisticated treatments such every bit grafting or cross-linking together with to apply it on synthetic fibers such every bit polyamide together with polyester.[19]
Use Of Sericin As H5N1 Finishing Agent
H5N1 novel approach to occupation a natural material, sericin or adhesive silk poly peptide to provide salubrious surround is a promising future.
Silk sericin could live coated onto nylon together with polyster fibers together with has a strong potential to live used for indoor air filters to cut back the amount of toxic gratis radicals, fungi together with micrococcus type of bacteria. By using a uncomplicated coating technique, the sericin waste matter tin increment the value of air filter.[19]
As H5N1 Raw Material For Making Contact Lenses
Silk sericin has the potential to discover application inwards the evolution of contact lenses. The graft polymers are prepared amongst methyl methacrylate or styrene together with are also biocompatible. Oxygen permeable membranes are made upwards of fibroin together with sericin amongst 10-16 percent H2O together with are used for contact lenses together with every bit artificial skin.[19]
As H5N1 Medicine For Improving Digestion And Curing Digestive System
Intake of sericin containing nutrient relieves constipation, suppresses evolution of bowel cancer together with accelerates the absorption of minerals. In rats consumption of sericin elevates the apparent absorption of zinc,iron, magnesium, together with calcium past times 41,41,21, together with 17 % respectively. Sericin when taken orally causes a dose subject decrease inwards the evolution of colonic aberrant crypt foci. The incidence together with the number of colon tumers are suppressed past times consumption of sericin. Sericin take hold antitumour activity.[19]
Cosmetic Application
Hence recovery of silk sericin from degumming liquor or waste matter cocoons non exclusively helps to cut back the environmental pollution but also is highly desirable every bit the recovered sericin has a lot of commercial value finding application inwards creams together with shampoos every bit a moisturizing agent together with also an of import biomaterial for several applications including textiles.
Sericin lone or inwards combination amongst silk fibroin has been used inwards skin, pilus together with boom cosmetics. Sericin when used inwards the shape of lotion, cream together with ointment shows increased peel elasticity, antiwrinkle together with antiageing effects.[19]
Antimicrobial Use
There is a uncomplicated together with effective method for extracting sericin from the cocoons of B. mori silkworm using chilled ethanol atmospheric precipitation method. It focused on studying the antimicrobial holding of cotton wool stuff coated amongst sericin obtained past times this method. The sericin-coated stuff showed a high marker of bactericidal activity against examine organisms E. Coli.[19]
Application Of Sericin On Cotton Material
First the cotton wool knitted stuff is scoured amongst lissopal N for 1 sixty minutes at boil past times rinsing together with drying. The stuff was so bleached amongst hydrogen peroxide for 45 min at boil so rinsed together with dried. Sericin was applied on conditioned cotton wool knitted stuff past times exhaust method inwards high temperature together with high pressure level dyeing machine at MLR ratio of 1:20. :Sericin does non take hold whatever affinity for cotton wool fabric. It cannot live straight attached to cotton wool fabric.So Alum is used every bit a complexing agent to attach the sericin on cotton wool surface. Sericin was applied past times using optimized weather together with the stuff was post treated past times Alum. This handling is carried out at 60*c for fifteen min. It volition improve the wet regain holding of the stuff together with antimicrobial holding of the fabric.[23]
Application Of Sericin On The Polyester Fabric
First the polyester stuff is scoured amongst using lissapol N to withdraw the impurities together with temporary spin finishes. Polyester is chemically inert, has no available functional grouping together with no affinity for an ionic poly peptide similar sericin. Then it was pre-treated amongst alkali NaOH at 80oc for 45min.
Alkali treated stuff is padded amongst sericin using the acetic acid past times 2 dip-2nip process. Then the padded stuff was dried at 80oc for 3min together with cured at 130oc for 2min. Sericin cannot live attached straight functionalized surface. So the glutaraldehyde was used every bit a cross linking agent to attach to alkali. Because of pretreated amongst alkali, carboxyl, together with hydroxyl groups are created on the surface of the polyester.[24]
2.7 TYPES OF SURFACE TREATMENT TO INCREASE THE WETTING ABILITY OF THE POLYESTER FABRIC
2.7.1 Enzyme Application
Potentially a neat multifariousness of enzymes tin live used to modify the surface of polyethylene terephthalate. Among these the most of import are the esterases, lipases together with cutinases. the production of hydroxyl together with carboxylic groups due to the hydrolysis of ester linkages inwards PET together with that the enzymatic surface hydrolysis has the wages of maintaining mechanical stability because the enzyme cannot penetrate the fiber together with thus is restricted to reacting on the surface only, thereby increasing the stuff surface wettability.
They studied the powerfulness of vi hydrolyzing enzymes to improve the hydrophilicity of several polyester fabrics including sulfonated polyester together with micro denier polyester fabrics. Five of the vi lipases significantly improved the H2O wetting together with absorbent properties of regular polyester fabrics, together with they improve H2O wetting together with H2O retentiveness to a greater extent than than alkaline metal hydrolysis.[12]
2.7.2 Application Of Plasma Treatment
Low temperature plasma is an ionic gas whose components together with characteristics are unlike from the normal gas. With the assist of electrical discharge, plasma of unlike ionization extents tin live produced. Since the temperature of plasma is relatively low, the activating species inwards plasma easily lose their unloose energy in 1 trial reacting amongst the material.
It has been used inwards broad multifariousness of applied scientific discipline applications inwards a well-controlled together with reproducible way to clean, activate, etch or otherwise modify the surface of the polyester past times improving their bonding capabilities or accomplish totally novel surface property. Low temperature plasma specially suitable for polyester for achieving functional grouping on the surface of the polyester.[12]
2.7.3 Application Polyvinyl Alcohol On The Polyester
The polyester stuff start immersed HCL at 40oc for 1 sixty minutes at the same temperature. Then the pre-treated polyester stuff is treated amongst 1N NAOH solution containing 1.5% of weight of poly vinyl alcohol it is kept inwards the bathroom at boil for 1 hour. Then the sample is immersed inwards H2O at boiling temperature for 10 min. And soaped together with washed. The wetting behaviour of the polyester volition increment past times linkage betwixt the PVA together with the polyester stuff together with past times the formation of hydroxyl group.[22]
2.7.4 Application Of Micro Cellulose On The Polyester
The micro cellulose particles are applied on the surface of the polyester stuff past times using 2 methods. In the start method binding the micro cellulose particles straight on the surface of the polyester fabric. In the 2nd method the micro cellulose is mixed amongst equal proportion of NAOH,urea, thiourea, additives, self cross linking acrylic binder together with polyacrylate thickner together with stirred mechanically together with coated on the surface of the polyester fabric.
Then the stuff is dried at 80oc for 20min together with cured for fifteen min. This application volition improve the hydroxyl grouping on the surface of the fabric.[3]
2.7.5 Application Of Vinyltriethoxysilane On The Surface Of The Polyester Fabric
At start the vinyltriethoxysilane is poured into 0.1% of the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution. The concentration of the solution varied from 10-40%. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then the polyester stuff is immersed inwards the solution using the padder amongst 95% of the pick up.
Then the stuff is cured at 150ocfor fifteen min, after that the sample is washed 3 times amongst hot H2O for 30min, dried at 100oc for 2 hours. This handling volition increment the contact angle of H2O on the surface of the fabric.[8]
2.7.6 Application Of Sodium Hydroxide On Surface Of The Polyester Fabric
First the polyester stuff is scoured amongst using scouring agent to withdraw the impurities together with temporary spin finishes. Polyester is chemically inert, has no available functional group. Then pre-treated 100% polyester stuff is treated amongst sodium hydroxide of 4% concentration around 100oc followed past times neutralisation, washing together with drying are carried out. Then the treated stuff is treated amongst mixture of equal proportion of ethoxylated alcohol consisting of obese alcohol, ethylene oxide, together with propelene oxide for 40min at 70oc followed past times curing at 140oc for 90seconds. This volition make the hydroxyl, carboxyl grouping inwards the surface of the fabric.[7]
Physical Properties Of Isopropyl Alcohol
Molecular Weight | 60.09 |
Boiling Point | 82.5oc |
Melting Point | -88.5oc |
Flash Point | 11.7 oc (closed cup) |
Vapor Pressure | 44 mm Hg at 25oc |
Density/Specific Gravity | 0.7851 at 20/4oc |
Log/Octanol Water Partition Coefficient | 0.05 |
Dissociation Constants | pka: 17.1 at 25oc |
Autoignition Temp | 455.6 oc |
Henry's Law Constant | 8.07 x 10-6 atm-m3/mole |
Vapor Density | 2.08 |
Conversion Factor | 1 ppm = 2.45 mg/m3 |
Disperse dye is a dye that tin react straight amongst the fabric. That agency that a chemic reaction happens betwixt the dye together with the molecules of the fabric, effectively making the dye a component of the fabric. This is why fiber Disperse dye is permanent; clothes dyed amongst Disperse dye tin withstand many types of washing together with all the same retain same vibrant color.[4]
2.8.1 Properties Of Disperse Dyes
- Disperse dye is anionic inwards nature.
- Disperse dye is a H2O soluble dye.
- They take hold meliorate launder together with low-cal fastness properties.
- They take hold meliorate substantivity.
- They shape strong co-valent bond amongst the cellulosic fiber inwards alkaline metal condition.
- The electrolyte is must for exhaustion of dyes inwards the fiber.
- A for sure amount of dyes is hydrolyzed during application. (around 15-20%)
- Wide attain of color tin live produced amongst Disperse dyes.
- Comparatively cheaper inwards price.[4]
Wetting is the spreading together with contact of a liquid (adhesive) over a solid surface (substrate). If sufficiently intimate contact is achieved betwixt the 2 phases, a physical attraction due to inter-molecular forces develops causing the liquid to conform to the surface on a macro together with micro scale, displacing air together with thus minimising interfacial flaws. Good wettability of a surface is a prerequisite for ensuring proficient adhesive bonding, together with thus considerable endeavour has been expended inwards developing uncomplicated tests to assess surface energy/tension prior to bonding .
Surface unloose energy is defined every bit the piece of work necessary to separate 2 surfaces beyond the attain of the forces holding them together together with is given inwards unloose energy per unit of measurement area. Surface unloose energy is oftentimes referred to every bit surface tension together with is oftentimes expressed inwards dynes/cm .
It is subject on the interfacial intermolecular forces together with tin live divide into contributions from non-polar together with polar components. The polar components tin live farther broken into electron acceptor or electron donor components (or Lewis acid/base components).
Polar molecules take hold varying proportions of acceptor/donor components together with inwards many cases 1 ingredient volition live much to a greater extent than meaning than the other. Water is fairly unusual inwards having both strong acceptor together with strong donor properties.
The quantitative decision of the diverse components of surface unloose energy of both substrates together with adhesives would allow choice of appropriate substrate/adhesive pairs for bonding.
However, this would require considerable endeavour together with would non provide a total answer to the choice of materials since wetting is exclusively 1 factor inwards the bond performance.
The surface gratis unloose energy of a solid tin live indirectly estimated through contact angle measurements using the approach of Zisman . The surface unloose energy (and the divide betwixt unlike components of the surface energy) tin live quantitatively determined from the interactions betwixt the surface together with a serial of probe liquids of unlike interfacial properties.
The decision of contact angle at the solid/liquid stage boundary is 1 of the most sensitive methods for determining the surface energies of solid materials. However, inwards most cases the contact angle is used every bit a relative mensurate of the surface energy. Contact angles are closely related to wettability, the lower the contact angle the greater the wettability.
H5N1 liquid (adhesive) volition wet a solid (adherend) when its surface unloose energy is lower than the solid’s surface energy. Force residual or equilibrium at the solid-liquid boundary is given past times Young’sequation for contact angles greater than zero.
γ lv cos θ = γsv − γsl (1)
Where θ is the contact angle, together with γlv, γsv together with γsl are the surface gratis energies of the liquidvapour, solid-vapour together with solid-liquid interfaces, respectively.
The lower the contact angle, the greater the style for the liquid to wet the solid, until consummate wetting occurs (contact angleθ = 0, cosθ = 1). For consummate wetting to occur the surface tension of the liquid should live less than or equal to the critical surface tension of the substrate (γsv-γsl). Large contact angles are associated amongst pathetic wettability surface for bonding.
Plastics are oftentimes surface treated to increment their surface unloose energy (improve wettability). Surface unloose energy is less useful for the characterisation of metallic or metallic oxide surfaces. According to ASTM D5946 the next ranges of H2O contact angle values tin live used every bit a guide for defining the aeroplane of surface handling of polyolefins together with many other polymer films amongst initial depression surface energies:
Marginal or no handling >90° (under some 34 dynes/cm)
Low handling 85-90° (approximately 36-34 dynes/cm)
Medium handling 78-84° (approximately 39-36cm)
High handling 71-77° (approximately 43-40 dynes/cm)
Very high handling <71° (above some 43 dynes/cm)
2.9 TESTING FOR MOISTURE ABSORPTION
2.9.1 Static Immersion
The static immersion examine is a method for measuring the total amount of H2O that a stuff volition absorb. Sufficient fourth dimension is allowed inwards the examine for the stuff to attain its equilibrium absorption.
In the examine weighed samples of the stuff are immersed inwards H2O for a given length of time, taken out together with the excess H2O removed past times shaking. They are so weighed over again together with the weight of H2O absorbed is calculated every bit a per centum of the dry out weight of the fabric. Four specimens each 80mm X 80mm are cutting at 45° to the warp direction.
The start stair is to status the samples together with weigh them. They are so immersed inwards distilled H2O at a temperature of twenty ± I0C to a depth of 10cm. H5N1 wire sinker is used to concur the specimens at the required depth. The samples are left inwards this seat for 20min. After the specimens are taken from the H2O the surface H2O is removed at in 1 trial from them past times shaking them 10 times inwards a mechanical shaker.
They are so transferred straight to pre-weighed airtight container together with reweighted.[21]
Mass of H2O absorbed X 100
Absorption = -----------------------------------------------
Original mass
2.9.2 Sinking Time
This is a uncomplicated examine for highly absorbent materials inwards which a 25mm X25mm slice of stuff or a 50mm length of yarn taken from the stuff is dropped onto the surface of distilled H2O together with the length of fourth dimension it takes to sink is measured. If the sample does non sink within 1 min it is considered every bit having floated.[21]
2.10 TESTING FOR COLOUR FASTNESS
2.10.1 Washing Fastness
Collecting the sample from volume together with so conditioning for 04.30 to 06 hours
↓
Making a specimen of 04 cm*10 cm inwards size.
↓
Sewing the specimen amongst multi-fibre stuff of same size at 1 corner.
↓
Making the solution of 4gm/litre ECE detergent & 1 gm/litre sodium perborate, (If required SKFL occupation 0.15 gm/litre TAED).
↓
Putting the specimen amongst multi-fibre stuff into the solution inwards Rotawash m/c
Prog.: C2S Temp.: 60OC/ 40oc Time: thirty min Still ball: 25 pcs
↓
Rinsing amongst hot H2O respectively.
↓
Making a specimen of 04 cm*10 cm inwards size.
↓
Sewing the specimen amongst multi-fibre stuff of same size at 1 corner.
↓
Making the solution of 4gm/litre ECE detergent & 1 gm/litre sodium perborate, (If required SKFL occupation 0.15 gm/litre TAED).
↓
Putting the specimen amongst multi-fibre stuff into the solution inwards Rotawash m/c
Prog.: C2S Temp.: 60OC/ 40oc Time: thirty min Still ball: 25 pcs
↓
Rinsing amongst hot H2O respectively.
↓
Squeezing amongst mutual frigidity H2O of the sample is done (Hand Wash).
↓
Then drying is done at a temperature inwards the air non exceeding 60OC
↓
The drying is so broken out except on 1 of the shorter end.
↓
Measuring the staining together with color modify past times grayness scale & brand a examine report. [21]
Squeezing amongst mutual frigidity H2O of the sample is done (Hand Wash).
↓
Then drying is done at a temperature inwards the air non exceeding 60OC
↓
The drying is so broken out except on 1 of the shorter end.
↓
Measuring the staining together with color modify past times grayness scale & brand a examine report. [21]
2.10.2 Light Fastness Test
Daylight
To examine the resistance of a stuff to fading inwards daylight a sample of it is exposed facing due due south (in the northern hemisphere), sloping at an angle from the horizontal which is some equal to the examine site latitude. The sample is covered amongst drinking glass together with provision is made for it to live ventilated. Together amongst the specimen nether examine 8 'standard bluish wool dyeings' are exposed. This method gives a truthful indication of the low-cal fastness of a dyed stuff but it is slow.[21]
Xenon Arc
The xenon arc is a much to a greater extent than intense source of low-cal which has a real similar spectral content to that of daylight so that the examine is speeded upwards considerably.
Because of the large amount of oestrus generated past times the light an efficient oestrus filter has to live placed betwixt the light together with specimen together with the temperature monitored. This is inwards add-on to a drinking glass filter every bit higher upwards to withdraw ultra-violet radiation.[21]
2.10.3 Rubbing Fastness
In this examine the dyed specimens are rubbed 10 times using a Crock meter which has a weighted finger covered amongst slice of un dyed cotton wool cloth5 cm X 5 cm. For wet rubbing the cotton wool cloth is wetted out before beingness rubbed on the dyed sample. The cotton wool rubbing cloth is so examined for dye which may take hold been removed together with assessed using the grayness scales for staining.[21]
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Process Sequence
Extraction Of Sericin
↓
Apply the sericin Material inwards RFD Polyester together with polyester blended (P/C) Fabric using PAD – DRY – CURE Method past times using cross linking agent (ISO PROPYL ALCOHOL).
↓
Apply the sericin Material inwards RFD Polyester together with polyester blended (P/C) Fabric using PAD – DRY – CURE Method past times using cross linking agent (ISO PROPYL ALCOHOL).
DYEING OF POLYESTER FABRIC (Finished amongst sericin)
Process Sequence I.
Take the sericin applied RFD stuff
↓
Take 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.5
↓
Add 1 % of dispersing agent together with 0.5 % carrier
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Raise the temperature to 100 0C
↓
Dyeing At 100 0C for sixty mins
↓
Take 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.5
↓
Add 1 % of dispersing agent together with 0.5 % carrier
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Raise the temperature to 100 0C
↓
Dyeing At 100 0C for sixty mins
Process Sequence II.(DYEING OF COTTON PORTION WITH REACTIVE DYE )
Take the sericin applied RFD stuff
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add 1% Soda ash PH 6 – 7
↓
Reactive pasted amongst turkey cerise stone oil together with add together required amount of H2O
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Divide the sodium chloride inwards to 3 part together with add together the tabular array salt at fifteen min intervals
↓
Raise the temperature to boil
↓
Dyeing At boiling temp for sixty mins
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add 1% Soda ash PH 6 – 7
↓
Reactive pasted amongst turkey cerise stone oil together with add together required amount of H2O
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Divide the sodium chloride inwards to 3 part together with add together the tabular array salt at fifteen min intervals
↓
Raise the temperature to boil
↓
Dyeing At boiling temp for sixty mins
DYEING (Without sericin)
Process Sequence I.
Take the sericin applied RFD stuff
↓
Take 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.5
↓
Add 1 % of dispersing agent together with 0.5 % carrier
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Raise the temperature to one 1000 C
↓
Dyeing At 100 0 C for sixty mins
DYEING OF POLYESTER BLENDED (P/C) FABRIC (Finished amongst sericin)
Process Sequence I.
↓
Take 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.5
↓
Add 1 % of dispersing agent together with 0.5 % carrier
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Raise the temperature to one 1000 C
↓
Dyeing At 100 0 C for sixty mins
DYEING OF POLYESTER BLENDED (P/C) FABRIC (Finished amongst sericin)
Process Sequence I.
Take the sericin applied RFD stuff
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add acetic acid to hold PH 4 – 4.
↓
Add 1 % of dispersing agent together with 0.5 % carrier
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Raise the temperature to 100 0C
↓
Dyeing At 100 0C for sixty mins
Process Sequence II.(DYEING OF COTTON PORTION WITH REACTIVE DYE )
Process Sequence II.(DYEING OF COTTON PORTION WITH REACTIVE DYE )
Take the sericin applied RFD stuff
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add 1% Soda ash PH 6 – 7
↓
Reactive pasted amongst turkey cerise stone oil together with add together required amount of H2O
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Divide the sodium chloride inwards to 3 part together with add together the tabular array salt at fifteen min intervals
↓
Raise the temperature to boil
↓
Dyeing At boiling temp for sixty mins
↓
Add 300 ml of H2O together with also Add 1% Soda ash PH 6 – 7
↓
Reactive pasted amongst turkey cerise stone oil together with add together required amount of H2O
↓
Add the dyeing solution which nosotros prepared before
↓
Divide the sodium chloride inwards to 3 part together with add together the tabular array salt at fifteen min intervals
↓
Raise the temperature to boil
↓
Dyeing At boiling temp for sixty mins
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Fabric particulars
1. Polyester stuff
TYPE OF TEST | |
WARP COUNT | 85.58 D |
WEFT COUNT | 89.32 D |
GSM | 48.7 |
TYPE OF TEST | |
WARP COUNT | 146.82 D |
WEFT COUNT | 11.2S |
GSM | 186.6 |
BLEND % | |
WARP | Polyester (Roto Yarn SD)-100% |
WEFT | Cotton (Spun Yarn)-100% |
4.1 TESTS CARRIED ON UNFINISHED RFD FABRIC AND THE FINISHED RFD FABRIC
- Water absorbancy of unfinished RFD stuff together with finished RFD stuff every bit per CATTS – 04 (In-House Method)
- Washing fastness of unfinished dyed stuff together with finished dyed stuff every bit perCATTS – 04 (IN-HOUSE METHOD)
- Rubbing fastness of unfinished dyed together with finished dyed stuff every bit per the AATTC 8 : 2007
SPECIFICATION | |
DURATION | WRAP /WEFT |
After 1 Min | 3.3 / 4.2 cm |
After 3 Min | 5.7 / 6.2 cm |
After 5 Min | 6.8 / 7.6 cm |
SPECIFICATION | |
DURATION | WRAP /WEFT |
After 1 Min | 3.4 / 4.8 cm |
After 3 Min | 5.6 / 6.5 cm |
After 5 Min | 6.9 / 7.8 cm |
SPECIFICATION | |
DURATION | WRAP /WEFT |
After 1 Min | 4.4 / 5.0 cm |
After 3 Min | 6.5 / 7.0 cm |
After 5 Min | 7.6 / 8.1 cm |
SPECIFICATION | |
DURATION | WRAP /WEFT |
After 1 Min | 4.6 / 5.4 cm |
After 3 Min | 6.4 / 7.1 cm |
After 5 Min | 7.8 / 8.4 cm |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
change inwards shade | 4 |
staining on cotton | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
Wet | 4 |
Dry | 3-4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
change inwards shade | 3.4 |
staining on cotton | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
Wet | 4 |
Dry | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
change inwards shade | 4 |
staining on cotton | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
Wet | 4 |
Dry | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
change inwards shade | 4 |
staining on cotton | 4 |
SPECIFICATION | RESULT |
Wet | 4 |
Dry | 4 |
From the higher upwards tables concluded that the wetability of polyester together with polyesterblended (P/C) stuff is considerably increased due to the application of the sericin. But the fastness properties of polyester dyed stuff together with polyesterblended dyedfabric are non changed due to the application of the sericin.
So the sericin application is non considerably changed the dyeing properties of polyester fabric.
REFERENCES
[1] NamrathaSrinivas, Roopini Kumar D, Nandan Merchant, Disha Subramanya, Pruthvika D, Puja Jain, Mariappan L, RamachandraRao R together with Rajyalakshmi , Extraction & characterization of sericin together with its immobilization on hydroxylapatite nanoparticles for tissue applied scientific discipline applications , Vol.7, No.5, pp 2117-2124, 2014-2015.
[2] Seung-roung lee koji miyazaki, kenji hisada, teruo hori, application of silk sericin to finishing of synthetic fabrics. Vol.60.(2004).
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