Yaa Digital Printing On Textiles: Evolution, Progression Together With Techniques

Digital Printing on Textiles
Muhammad Saad Asif
NED University of Engineering as well as Technology Karachi, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Email: saadsiddiqui2000@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

In our projection nosotros receive got discussed the number of pretreatment on color forcefulness as well as dye fixation of digitally printed cotton fabric yesteryear using different thickeners. This study consists of 3 principal parts such equally introduction of report, methodology as well as the results. The start component division of the study contains the details most the inkjet printing as well as the argue of the pretreatment. The 2d fragment includes the methodology inward which nosotros discussed the experimentation, the pretreatment chemicals, recipe which nosotros followed as well as the testing which nosotros performed. The 3rd as well as the lastly component division conclude the results.

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Ink jet printing is also known equally digital printing. It has locomote the major printing engineering scientific discipline inward the desktop/network printing markets. The advent of digital color printing has opened upward many novel application areas for ink jet including wide-format graphic arts as well as increasingly industrial applications such equally textiles, which, until recently, were the exclusive domain of the traditional analogue printing technologies.

As the printing manufacture moves towards these novel industrial ink jet markets as well as then the media, whether it live coated paper, films or textiles, becomes an integral component division of the engineering scientific discipline as well as noesis of the chemical scientific discipline of the interaction of the ink, colorants as well as the media becomes vitally important.

Ink jet is a engineering scientific discipline wherein at that spot is no printing master copy as well as hence entirely the ink drops brand contact amongst the substrate. It is so classified equally a non-impact printing method.

The ink jet formulation, the specific impress caput as well as the complex interactions betwixt them receive got all to live considered when nosotros start to develop total ink jet solutions for industrial applications. Ink jet is a engineering scientific discipline wherein at that spot is no printing master copy as well as hence entirely the ink drops brand contact amongst the substrate. It is so classified equally a non-impact printing method. (1)

1.1 COMPONENTS OF INKJET PRINTER
Basically Ink jet has 3 basic components. These are the impress head, the ink, as well as the medium all of which request to piece of work good inward social club to make an acceptable output.

1.2 INKJET TECHNOLOGIES
There are 2 types of inkjet technologies.

1. CIJ (Continuous ink jet)
2. DOD (Drop on demand).

1.2.1 CONTINUOS INKJET TECHNOLOGY

In CIJ, ink is squirted through nozzles at a constant speed yesteryear applying a constant pressure. The jet of ink is unstable as well as breaks into droplets equally it leaves the nozzle the drops are left to locomote to the medium or deflected to a gutter for recirculation depending on the ikon beingness printed. The deflection is usually achieved yesteryear electrically charging the drops as well as applying an electrical plain to command the trajectory. The call `continuous' originates inward the fact that drops are ejected at all times.

Figure 1: Continuous inkjet (CIJ)

1.2.2 DROP ON DEMAND TECHNOLOGY

In DOD ink jet, drops are ejected entirely when needed to shape the image. The ii principal drib ejector mechanisms used to generate drops are piezoelectric ink jet (PIJ) as well as thermal ink jet (TIJ)

In PIJ, the book of an ink bedchamber within the nozzle is rapidly reduced yesteryear way of a piezoelectric actuator, which squeezes the ink droplet out of the nozzle. In TIJ, an electrical heater located within each nozzle is used to heighten the temperature of the ink to the dot of bubble nucleation. The explosive expansion of the vapor bubble propels the ink exterior the nozzle. (2)

Figure 2: Drop On Demand (DOD)

1.3 EVOLUTION AND PROGRESSION OF DIGITAL PRINTING OF TEXTILES

The catch of digital printing on textiles has been some for some time. The inkjet printing engineering scientific discipline used inward digital printing was start patented inward 1968. Carpet inkjet printing machines receive got been used since the early on 1970s. Digital ink jet printing of continuous rolls of textile fabrics was shown at ITMA inward 1995. In the 1990s, inkjet printers became widely available for newspaper printing applications. Again at ITMA inward 2003, several industrial inkjet printers were introduced to the marketplace house which made digital printing on textiles the novel manufacture standard. The engineering scientific discipline has continued to develop as well as at that spot are at nowadays specialized wide-format printers which tin grip a diverseness of substrates – everything from newspaper to sheet to vinyl, as well as of course, fabric. These novel generation machines had much higher outputs, higher resolution printing heads, as well as to a greater extent than sophisticated textile stuff handling systems allowing a broad variation of fabrics to live printed.

The history involves the next serial of inkjet printers;

• FESPA 1996
• FESPA as well as ITMA 1999
• ITMA 1999
• DPI 2001
• ITMA 2003
• Drupa 2004
• SGIA 2004
• FESPA 2005

Over the lastly few years nosotros receive got seen major changes inward the global textile printing market: to a greater extent than private designs, shorter run lengths as well as the displace of printing to Far East markets. The exercise of ink jet printing engineering scientific discipline to bring down the overall cost of sample as well as coupon printing costs has locomote good established inward the textile printing manufacture inward the developed printing markets. Also the adoption of broad format ink jet printers for small-scale scale textile impress production such equally the flag / banner as well as sportswear industries is some other expanse that ink jet printing is making “in-roads”. We are at nowadays seeing developments inward the exercise of industrial ink jet piezo “drop on demand” impress heads capable of increasing production rates as well as the introduction of to a greater extent than ink jet machines specifically developed for textile printing production. (3)

With ink jet printing at that spot are a broad hit of impress caput technologies, each amongst specific ink physical as well as chemic requirements that must live satisfied for the ink formulation to perform reliably inward a specific printer platform. These physical as well as chemic specifications are real precise as well as require the evolution of textile ink jet ink formulations, which differ from normal printing pastes, inward that they cannot contain the bulk of chemicals, required to attain color yield, Definition or color fastness. In add-on the textile ink jet ink formulations must live developed amongst the aim of achieving fantabulous operability as well as firing performance, together amongst chemic compatibility amongst the materials used inward the manufacture of the impress head.

Digital printing includes pre-treatment of stuff prior to printing process. Pre-treatment of textiles inward grooming for ink-jet printing is carried out because inclusion of auxiliary chemicals as well as thickeners into the depression viscosity ink has proved troublesome. Thus the methodology is akin to `two-phase' conventional printing equally opposed to the `all-in' approach. In the latter instance all the dyes, chemicals as well as thickeners required are included inward the impress paste, whereas inward the quondam some of the ingredients, especially chemicals, are applied before, or after, printing.

When printing cotton fiber the selection has to a greater extent than ofttimes than non been betwixt reactive dyes as well as pigments. The pigment printing process is simpler, equally it involves 3 principal stages (print, dry, bake/cure), whereas reactive printing has ii extra processes (print, dry, steam, wash-off, dry). Pigment printing is so a to a greater extent than economical physical care for but nosotros avoid its exercise inward inkjet printing because pigments produced much duller shades than could live achieved amongst dyes, as well as at that spot was a style for nozzles to block, inward other words the `run-ability' was poor.

Reactive printing yesteryear the `all-in' method is the normal approach for covert printing, but for jet printing it has sure dangers. As a outcome the jet printing of cotton, wool as well as silk has to a greater extent than ofttimes than non been carried out yesteryear the `two-phase' method, the ink containing entirely purified dyes, the thickener as well as chemicals beingness applied to the substrate inward a pre-treatment. Although the character of the resulting prints is excellent, the extra expense of pre-treating the stuff yesteryear a pad/dry physical care for makes the physical care for uneconomical for anything but brusque runs. (4)

1.4 REASONS FOR PRE-TREATMENT
The principal reasons for separating the dye ink from thickeners as well as other chemicals as well as applying them separately to the stuff are equally follows.

• 'All-in' inks are less stable as well as receive got lower storage stability, e.g. reactive dyes are to a greater extent than probable to hydrolyze when alkali is nowadays inward the ink.
• Chemicals inward the ink sweat corrosion of jet nozzles; the deleterious number of sodium chloride on steel surfaces is good known, for instance; inks for exercise inward `charged drop' continuous printers should receive got depression electrical conductivity.
• Thickeners inward the ink ofttimes do non receive got the desired rheological properties.
• Some chemicals tin live utilized inward pre-treated stuff but would sweat stability problems inward the ink; e.g. sodium carbonate equally alkali for reactive dye fixation is acceptable on the stuff but non inward the ink.
• The presence of large amounts of salts inward aqueous inks reduces the solubility of the dyes; concentrated inks are required inward jet printing due to the small-scale droplet size.
• The payoff of applying thickeners as well as chemicals separately from the dyes is that it allows the wettability as well as penetration properties of the stuff to live adjusted. (5)

1.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL SCREEN PRINTING AND DIGITAL PRINTING

Comparable Factors	Screen Printing	Digital Printing
Tools	The physical care for involves making a stencil using a drawn/digitized ikon or a photograph, attaching to a screen, placing it over the desired sheet as well as spreading the ink over the image.	All request is a figurer as well as a printer amongst ink cartridges of every color.
Efforts	Takes a lot of fourth dimension consuming effort, because the screens request to live made as well as the physical care for takes long	As it is so piece of cake to operate as well as gives results at the touching of a key. It is relatively quicker.
Quality	Offers meliorate character imaging equally the ink gets deeply absorbed as well as lasts longer. Screen printing also gives clearer edges to the ikon printing, because of the precision that carefully created stencils offer.	The ink does non spread because the ikon is direct printed on the fabric, but tends to fade quicker that the covert printed images. However, individual has a colorful ikon to imprint, as well as then this is an option, all the colors are nowadays inward the unmarried ikon as well as individual does non request split covert for the same.
Cost	Costs escalate amongst the numbers of screens. If individual wish a to a greater extent than complex ikon amongst many colors, as well as then private slides for every color are created. It also required trained labor which adds to the cost. It is most apt if individual wish a large quantity.	The figurer as well as printers are i fourth dimension investments as well as digital printing is cheaper compared to covert printing equally the accuse is offering for per imprinted image.

Table 1: Comparison betwixt conventional as well as digital printing

1.6 TIME TO INTRODUCE Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 NEW PRODUCT

Component	Conventional	Digital
Color separation/Design editing	2 weeks	2 weeks
Digital stuff samples	-	2-4 days
Screen engraving	1 calendar week	-
Strike off	1 calendar week	1 calendar week
Production yardage	3-4 weeks	1 calendar week (low yardage)
Total	7-8 weeks	2-3 weeks

Table 2: Comparison for fourth dimension to innovate a novel production inward conventional as well as digital printing.

1.7 ADVANTAGES OF INKJET PRINTING
Digital printing has revolutionized the way businesses create their printed materials. It is fast, effective, as well as provides an alternative to the to a greater extent than traditional method of textile printing.

• Quality: When it comes to quality, nil surpasses digital printing. Images are essentially flawless, alignment as well as registration issues are non-existent, as well as color is vibrant. Digital printers tin also exercise the entire length of a printable item. 

• Speed: Digital printing’s mightiness to switch over to a novel label almost instantly is some other perk of using digital printing. Because there’s no lost fourth dimension setting upward plates as well as printing machinery, your social club is probable to hit its intended goal days, if non weeks earlier. 

• Short run printing advantage: Digital textile printing efficiently produces designs at run lengths equally depression equally i yard of stuff without the request for covert changes.

• Lower H2O as well as mightiness consumption: Digital textile printing eliminates the substantial amount of H2O as well as electrical release energy i requires for rotary covert preparation, printing as well as cleanup. Even greater H2O as well as mightiness savings tin live achieved amongst disperse/sublimation as well as paint digital textile inks, which entirely require a heat-fixation stair for post treatment. 

• Less chemic waste: Digital textile printing results inward significantly less ink usage as well as waste product relative to screen-printing. Taking into concern human relationship the additional chemical scientific discipline as well as chemic waste product from covert production, printing digitally offers a greener payoff for printing.

• Large repeat sizes: Digital textile printers tin impress large designs (e.g. cartoon characters on sheets as well as blankets) on gyre stuff without the green rotary screen-printing limitation inward pattern repeat size.

• Reduced production infinite requirements: By non having to prepare as well as store client screens for hereafter use, the production footprint for digital printing is a fraction of the size i requires for a rotary covert impress facility.

• Less printed inventory needed: Digital textile printing permits the alternative to impress a pattern at will. This way that manufacturers amongst an integrated digital printing organization inward their production chain tin hold a stock of unprinted textiles on manus to impress equally required. This reduces the request for pre-printed inventory of stuff that may or may non live used.

• Sampling as well as production done on same printer: By beingness able to impress samples (strike-offs) on the same printer i uses for production, digital textile impress shops tin nowadays their customers amongst proof samples of designs that volition just tally the concluding printed material.

• Print flexibility: Printing houses utilizing both digital as well as covert technologies tin select to impress a small-scale quantity of designs amongst different color combinations (color ways) start amongst their digital textile printing solutions for seek the market. They tin later opt to impress higher volumes of the most desired color designs using rotary covert technology.

• Variety of creative pattern choices for printing: Digital textile printing provides the alternative to impress photographic/continuous note images, spot color pattern designs or a combination of both. This expands the creative printing alternatives for fashion as well as interior designers.

• Low upper-case alphabetic character investment: The relatively depression upper-case alphabetic character investment to setup a digital textile impress shop, especially compared to rotary screen-printing production, makes it possible to start small-scale as well as expand equally concern grows.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF INKJET PRINTING

• Limitation of particle size: Metallic colors cannot live printed yesteryear these machines due to large particle size.

• Large Volumes are expensive: Without getting likewise technical, digital printing presses run at a maximum of most fifty feet per minute. While this speed is sufficient for depression book (10,000 – 15,000 item) projects, larger book piece of work volition do goodness from using traditional presses that tin run at speeds betwixt 300 as well as 500 feet per minute. Although traditional presses are to a greater extent than expensive to configure as well as operate, they volition relieve y'all coin if your jobs are real large.

• Ink limitations: While digital printing sure enough handles color as well as ink well, digital inks receive got a style to fade to a greater extent than rapidly than offset inks when exposed to direct sunlight. Also, the opacity of digital ink isn’t quite upward to par amongst offset ink, because digital ink is naturally thinner (though the divergence betwixt the ii is entirely noticeable when dealing amongst clear or metallic element media). There are types of laminations available to assist forbid this employment from occurring.

1.9 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Fabric pre-treatment is essential for textile printing amongst reactive dyes to ensure efficient inkjet impress performance, for instance to attain acceptable color forcefulness as well as fastness properties, as well as to command droplet penetration as well as spread for optimum ikon quality, because the auxiliary chemicals required, such equally urea, alkali as well as migration inhibitor, cannot commonly live incorporated into the inks. Therefore, the aim of our projection is:

1. To study the number of the stuff pre-treatment on color forcefulness as well as dye fixation of a digital printed cotton fiber fabric.
2. To optimize a pre-treatment recipe as well as to analyze the number of the stuff pre-treatment on color forcefulness as well as dye fixation of a digital printed cotton fiber fabric.

CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Ahmad Wassim Kaimouz et al. studied the significance of pre-treatment chemicals as well as their human relationship amongst color strength, absorbed dye fixation as well as ink penetration. In this paper, the inkjet printing performance on Tencel fibers (standard Tencel as well as Tencel A100) using a reactive dye based ink is reported, as well as some comparisons made amongst cotton. The stuff was start pretreated yesteryear padding as well as and then printed using reactive inks as well as the relationships betwixt the concentrations of pre-treatment chemicals as well as steaming time, color strength, dye fixation as well as ink penetration, receive got been established. The pre-treatment chemicals Thermacol MP (migration inhibitor), Alcoprint AIR (penetration agent) as well as Lyoprint RG (reduction inhibitor) supplied yesteryear Huntsman, Urea as well as sodium bicarbonate were used. The liquors were applied to the fabrics cutting to A4 size, yesteryear padding amongst 75–80% pick up. The fabrics were dried for v min at 120°C as well as conditioned for 24 h at 20°C as well as 65% relative humidity. Printed samples were steamed at 102°C. Then the stuff was washed yesteryear de-ionized water. The hateful color forcefulness of the printed Tencel stuff was greater than cotton fiber as well as Tencel A100, piece the hateful absorbed dye fixation values of Tencel A100 was greater than Tencel as well as cotton. Tencel A100 has the lowest color forcefulness value equally its cross linked construction limits the evolution of deep shades at the fiber surface. (6)

Soleimani Gorgani as well as M. Jalili studied ink-jet printing of cotton fiber amongst cationic reactive dye based inks. In this study, cotton fiber stuff was printed amongst ii types of reactive dyes inward different conditions. Cotton stuff was start pre-treated yesteryear padding using the pre-treatment chemicals sodium alginate or chitosan, sodium bicarbonate as well as urea as well as and then it is printed amongst the commercial anionic reactive inks. Secondly, the untreated stuff was printed amongst the novel cationic reactive inks. Color yield as well as absorbed dye fixations of both printed cotton fiber stuff were compared. The results indicated that printed untreated cotton fiber stuff amongst cationic reactive dye based ink at optimum pH exhibited higher grade of reactive dye fixation than commercial anionic reactive dye based inks on alkali pre-treated cotton fiber fabrics. All reactive dye based inks are demonstrating fantabulous washing as well as dry/wet crocking color fastness. The lite fastness of each reactive dye based ink fixed to cotton fiber fabrics was moderate. (7)

Atasheh Soleimani-Gorgani as well as Najva Shakibanalyzed the number of the construction of reactive dye on cotton fiber ink-jet printing. Cotton stuff was printed upon amongst 3 commercial cellulosic reactive dyes which are based on the similar chromophore as well as possess different numbers of reactive as well as anionic groups as well as and then the printed cotton fiber fabrics were air dried as well as as well as then seat into a steamer to create the reactive dye on to the cotton fiber fabric. Color yield as well as absorbed dye fixation of the printed cotton fiber were evaluated at diverse pHs. The results indicated that the absorbed dye fixation levels increased yesteryear decreasing the numbers of anionic groups as well as appeared to live subject of reactive group’s numbers. All reactive dye based inks are demonstrating fantabulous to washing as well as dry/wet crocking color fastness. (8)

C.W.M.Yuen et al. evaluated the number of diverse compositions of pretreatment glue constituents amongst different steaming fourth dimension on concluding color yield of inkjet printed cotton fiber fabric. The parameters that were changed were amounts of alginate, alkali, urea as well as the steaming time. After making different compositions of pre-print paste, it was as well as then applied on the stuff as well as later on dried inward oven. Inkjet printing was performed as well as then followed yesteryear steaming for different fourth dimension period, thereafter stuff was conditioned as well as color yield was measured. Result deduced from these observations was that, equally the amount of Sodium alginate was increased the color yield was improved equally good equally the sharpness of the printed patterns as well as launder fastness properties of the fabric. But when the amount of sodium alginate was likewise high it reduced the fixation of the dye because thickener acted equally a diffusion barrier so less dye could create on the fibers. (9)

Atasheh Soleimani Gorgani et al. analyzed the dye fixation as well as fastness properties of printed pretreated as well as non-pretreated fabric. In this study, attempts receive got been made to develop a reactive ink-jet impress inward a single-phase physical care for yesteryear adding an organic common salt to the ink formulation as well as hence removing the request to pretreat fabrics. The conduct of a novel reactive ink formulation for ink-jet printing on to cotton fiber stuff was evaluated at different pH vlaues. The results at optimum pH indicated that printed non-pretreated fabrics amongst ink containing organic salts exhibited a higher grade of reactive dye fixation than printed pretreated stuff containing no organic common salt ink. The yielded prints demonstrate fantabulous color fastness to washing as well as dry/wet crocking properties.

The high percentages of fixation attained amongst organic salt, which has higher ionic strength, would back upward that cations from the salts tin counter the negative accuse of the fabric, thereby facilitating absorption of dye anions on to the fabric. In all cases, fantabulous launder as well as dry/wet crocking fastness properties were achieved, as well as lite fastness was improved yesteryear adding organic common salt to the ink formulation. (10)

P southward R Choi et al. pretreated the cotton fiber stuff using chitosan equally a thickener as well as evaluated the color fastness properties of digitally printed fabric. In this study, chitosan was applied separately on cotton fiber stuff for ink-jet printing. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 two-bath method was developed to split the chitosan glue from sodium bicarbonate as well as urea before beingness padded onto the stuff surface so equally to minimize the neutralization effect. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 two-bath method helps to attain a meliorate color yield. Experiments receive got been done to evaluate the possibility of using chitosan equally a thickener inward the pretreatment impress glue for ink-jet printing. The concluding color yield obtained from chitosan containing cotton fiber fabrics depended greatly on the stage of chitosan application. Nevertheless, the color fastness properties as well as the outline sharpness of the prints of cotton fiber stuff were moderately improved yesteryear the chitosan treatment. In addition, it was found that chitosan could also impart higher anti-bacterial holding onto the cotton fiber fabric. (11)

CHAPTER 3

3. SCOPE OF PROJECT

Our projection is a stair towards establishing Optimum status concerning the content of pretreatment impress glue as well as steaming fourth dimension for ink-jet printing to attain improved color forcefulness as well as dye fixation. The compass of our projection is immensely broad. Market may run into novel players inward the hereafter which volition live motivated yesteryear our piece of work which inward plow may generate novel concepts to improve color yield equally good equally drive prices down. Not entirely volition our projection assist to improve the character of inkjet printing but also volition assist bring down the amount of effluents discharged into sewage which volition bring down the pollution of marine environment. Obviously the cost per unit of measurement of printing volition decrease because of lower wastage of dyes equally a outcome many customers volition live able to purchase because they volition live able to afford the cost. These developments inward the engineering scientific discipline volition in all probability shape the hereafter of this engineering scientific discipline equally good equally supply incentive for novel entrants to seat upward their efforts inward diverse areas of technology.

Digital inkjet printing of textiles opens doors to novel opportunities as well as creates novel markets. Creative designs tin live digitally printed that cannot live screen-printed. The largest covert printers receive got no to a greater extent than than 12 screens, which equates to a limitation of 12 spot colors. With physical care for color at that spot tin live an almost unlimited number of colors inward a design, allowing much to a greater extent than than 12 colors inward a specific design. Design wheel times are reduced as well as sample production tin live done immediately. The mightiness to do economical brusque runs allows reductions inward the size of inventories. Restocking of a `hot' clothes item is made piece of cake yesteryear digital printing as well as the store doesn't receive got to discount its prices. Today's markets are changing faster as well as customers are becoming to a greater extent than demanding than ever. Digital textile printing allows the production of goods as well as services to tally private customers' needs.

CHAPTER 4

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 MATERIAL
The stuff used was 100% Cotton, ready to print, evidently weave (125 g/m2) which was supplied yesteryear Yunus Textile Mill(YTM).

4.2 CHEMICALS
The chemicals which are used inward the pre -treatment of cotton fiber stuff are;

• Thickeners

          I. Sodium alginate(Natural thickener)
          II. Thermacol min (Synthetic thickener)
          III. Prepajet uni ( Synthetic thickener)

• Urea
• Alkali (Sodium bicarbonate)
• Anti-reduction agent (Lyoprint RG-GB)
• Penetrating agent (Lyoprint air)
• Reactive inks

4.2.1 THICKENERS
Thickeners are employed inward printing to save the sharpness of edges as well as outlines yesteryear countering the natural wicking number of the substrate. In add-on they concur wet to enable dyes as well as chemicals to dissolve as well as locomote into the fibers during the steaming stage after printing as well as drying. They also modify the current properties (rheology) of the ink or impress paste. The thickening agent should non react amongst either the dye or other chemicals nowadays because, if they do, an insoluble production usually results. This does non launder off as well as the stuff becomes stiff.

1. SODIUM ALGINATE
The chemic chemical compound sodium alginate is the sodium saltof alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a gum, extracted from the jail mobile telephone walls of chocolate-brown algae. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 major application for sodium alginate is inward reactive dye printing, equally thickener for reactive dyestuffs (such equally the procion cotton-reactive dyes. Alginates do non react amongst these dyes as well as launder out easily, dissimilar starch-based thickeners. It is poly anionic inward nature. It is this holding that prevents the anionic reactive dyes from reacting amongst the thickener, since both receive got negative charges as well as so repel each other.

The uses of alginates are based on 3 principal properties.

• The start is their ability, when dissolved inward water, to thicken the resulting solution (more technically described equally their mightiness to increment the viscosity of aqueous solutions).
• The 2d is their mightiness to shape gels; gels shape when a calcium common salt is added to a solution of sodium alginate inward water.
• The 3rd holding of alginates is the mightiness to shape films of sodium or calcium alginate as well as fibers of calcium alginates. (12)

2. THERMACOL MIN

• Chemical constitution: aqueous solution of an acrylic polymer.
• Ionic character: anionic
• Physical form: colorless liquid.
• Storage stability: store at 20°C to a greater extent than than 1 year.
• Compatibility: compatible amongst anionic as well as nonionic auxiliaries.

3. PREPAJET UNI
Prepajet UNI is high concentration synthetic thickener for reactive printing amongst high electrolyte stability ensuring fantabulous color yield & sudden definition.

4.2.2 ALKALI
Reactive dyes react amongst cellulose nether alkaline metal atmospheric condition to shape covalent bonds betwixt fibre as well as dye. There are diverse classes of reactive dyes, monochlorotriazine (MCT), vinyl sulphone etc., as well as these require different strengths of alkali for optimum fixation. Sodium bicarbonate is to a greater extent than ofttimes than non recommended for `all-in' pastes as well as inks, equally it causes to the lowest degree hydrolysis of the dye on storage.

4.2.3 UREA
Urea is a real mutual constituent of impress pastes equally it acts equally both dye solvent as well as hygroscopic agent (or humectant). The principal functions of urea are:

• To increment the solubility of dyestuffs amongst depression H2O solubility. This hygroscopic number does non influence fixation rates significantly.
• To increment the condensate formation necessary for the migration of dyestuffs from glue to fibers.
• To shape condensate amongst increased boiling point, thus the requirement on steam character tin live reduced.

4.2.4 ANTI-REDUCTION AGENT
Anti-reduction agents (LYOPRINT® RG-GB) protect dyes against shade changes inward printing, hence achieving fantabulous dyeing amongst practiced reproducibility.

4.2.5 PENETRATING AGENT
Penetrating agent or De-aerating agents (LYOPRINT® AIR) are used to withdraw air from impress pastes as well as improve ink penetration inward printing systems. (13)

4.3 EXPERIMENTATION

4.3.1 RECIPE FOR PRETREATMENT

Recipe#1

Ingredients	Amount (g/l) inward 500ml solution
Thickener (Sodium alginate)	100
Anti-reduction agent (lyoprint RG-GB)	10
Penetrating agent (lyoprint air)	-
Urea	100
Alkali	30
Deionized H2O	94ml
Steaming fourth dimension	5 min at 102°C

Table 3: Recipe #1

Procedure

• Add 94 ml H2O inward beaker.
• Then add together the given amount of ingredients inward H2O inward next sequence; urea, alkali, reduction inhibitor, thickener, penetrating agent.
• Stir amongst Stuart SS20 overhead stirrer until the preprint glue consistency becomes thick.
• Pre-treat the cotton fiber stuff yesteryear using padding mangle at atmospheric condition of 1.4 bar pressure level as well as 1.5 rpm speed to attain 75-80% pick up.
• Dry the stuff at 120°C for5 min.
• Digitally impress the stuff yesteryear using reactive inks.
• Steam the printed stuff at 102°Cfor v min.
• Fabric is as well as then washed inward the next sequence (tap water, hot H2O as well as mutual depression temperature water).

Recipe# 2

Ingredients	Amount (g/l)
Thickener (Prepajet UNI)	80
Anti-reduction agent (Lyoprint RG-GB)	20
Penetrating agent (Lyoprint air)	6
Urea	200
Alkali	40
Deionized H2O	X
Steaming fourth dimension	7-10 min at 102C

Table 4: Recipe #2

Procedure:

• Add x ml of H2O inward a beaker.
• Then add together the given amounts of ingredients inward H2O inward the next sequence urea ,alkali, reduction inhibitor, thickener ,penetrating agent.
• Stir amongst Stuart SS20 overhead stirrer until the preprint glue consistency becomes thick.
• Pre-treat the cotton fiber stuff yesteryear using padding mangle at atmospheric condition of 1 bar pressure level as well as 1 rpm speed to attain 70-80% pick up.
• Dry the stuff at 120°C for v min.
• Digitally impress the stuff yesteryear using reactive inks.
• Steam the printed stuff at 102°C for 7-10 min.
• Fabric is as well as then washed inward the next sequence (tap water, hot H2O as well as mutual depression temperature water).

Recipe#3

Ingredients	Amount (g/l)
Thickener (Thermacol MIN)	100
Anti-reduction agent (Lyoprint RG-GB)	20
Penetrating agent (Lyoprint air)	10
Urea	150
Alkali	40
Deionized H2O	X
Steaming fourth dimension	7-10 min at 102C

Table 5: Recipe #3

Procedure:

• Add x ml of H2O inward a beaker.
• Then add together the given amounts of ingredients inward H2O inward the next sequence urea, alkali, reduction inhibitor, thickener ,penetrating agent
• Stir amongst Stuart SS20 overhead stirrer until the preprint glue consistency becomes thick.
• Pre-treat the cotton fiber stuff yesteryear using padding mangle at atmospheric condition of 1 bar pressure level as well as 1 rpm speed to attain 70-80% pick up.
• Dry the stuff at 120°C for v min.
• Digitally impress the stuff yesteryear using reactive inks.
• Steam the printed stuff at 102°C for 7-10 min.
• Fabric is as well as then washed inward the next sequence (tap water, hot H2O as well as mutual depression temperature water).

4.4 POST-TREATMENT

When the pre-treated stuff has been dried as well as and then jet printed at that spot is usually petty request to supply a drying station to dry out the print, equally the printing physical care for is so slow. By the fourth dimension the stuff is batched on a gyre it has dried yesteryear exposure to the warm atmosphere inward the room. However, inward most instances fixation as well as washing volition live necessary. This non entirely ensures that the total fastness properties of the dyes are realized, but also brightens as well as alters the colors significantly.

4.4.1 FIXATION

Steaming is the physical care for commonly used to create printed textiles. During the physical care for steam condenses on the stuff as well as is absorbed yesteryear the thickener as well as hygroscopic agents inward the printed areas. Dyes as well as chemicals dissolve as well as shape extremely concentrated dye baths within the thickener film. The digitally printed fabrics were steamed at 102°C (saturated steam) inward the hit of 5-10 min.

4.4.2 WASHING-OFF

After printing as well as steaming, washing of ink-jet printed stuff is carried out. The argue for this is that thickener, auxiliaries as well as loose dye should live removed nether atmospheric condition where the dye is unlikely to stain white or unprinted set down shade areas.

The washing was done inward 3 steps:

• First the stuff was mutual depression temperature rinsed.
• The principal requirement after the start mutual depression temperature rinse when washing off reactive dye prints is to ensure that the temperature of the hot launder reaches a minimum of 90°C, otherwise hydrolyzed dye may non live removed. Then the stuff was washed yesteryear hot H2O (at the temperature of lxxx - 90°C) containing 2-3 drops of surfactant (soaping SN).
• After that the stuff was i time to a greater extent than mutual depression temperature rinsed. (14)

4.5 TESTING
We receive got performed ii types of seek namely rubbing fastness as well as launder fastness test, to banking company check the number of pretreatment on color forcefulness as well as dye fixation of digitally printed cotton fiber fabric.

4.5.1 DRY RUBBING FASTNESS

• The seek was carried out next the measure (AATCC 08).
• The seek specimen was placed on the base of operations of the Crock meter.
• Place specimen holder over specimen equally an added way to forbid slippage.
• After that nosotros mountain a white cloth foursquare shape sample at the top nip of crock meter for testing of dry out crocking fastness of printed as well as washed cotton fiber fabric.
• Lower the covered finger onto the seek specimen. Beginning amongst the finger positioned at the front end end, crank the meter grip 10 consummate turns at the charge per unit of measurement of i plow per 2d to slide the covered finger dorsum as well as forth xx times. Set as well as run the motorized tester for 10 consummate turns.
• Remove the white seek cloth square, status as well as evaluate the staining.

4.5.2 WET RUBBING FASTNESS

• In this seek nosotros start wet the white foursquare shaped cloth sample as well as and then mountain it at the top nip of crock meter.
• After that nosotros repeat the higher upward physical care for as well as evaluate the outcome yesteryear using grayness scale.

4.5.3 WASH FASTNESS:
The washing fastness test is carried out yesteryear next the measure BS EN ISO 105-CO6-E2S using the next ingredients;

Ingredients	Amounts
Detergent	4g/l
Sodium per borate	1g/l
Sodium carbonate	1g/l
Water	-

Table 6: Wash fastness seek recipe.

Process parameters:

• Temperature = 60°C
• Time = xxx min
• Steel balls = 25

Procedure:

• Make a solution of thou ml.
• Add detergent, sodium carbonate, sodium per borate inward H2O inward the amounts equally mentioned higher upward inward the table.
• Leave the solution for xxx min so that its constituents mix homogenously before using it.
• Cut a sample of stuff of 10*4 cm as well as staple a cotton fiber slice to the sample of the same dimensions.
• Put the sample as well as 25 steel balls inward the beaker.
• Add fifty ml solution inward the beaker.
• Seal the beaker amongst a cap as well as house it inward high temp IR dyeing machine.
• Leave the beaker for xxx minutes at 60°C.
• Wash the samples.
• Leave the samples inward opened upward air to dry out the samples.

CHAPTER v

5. CONCLUSIONS
The ii types of tests performed for the fastness properties of digitally printed cotton fiber stuff conclude the next results;

	RUBBING FASTNESS (wet)	RUBBINGFASTNESS (dry)	WASH FASTNESS
SODIUM ALGINATE	4-5	5	3
PREPAJET UNI	4-5	5	4
THERMACOL MIN	3- iv	5	3

As nosotros receive got used the 3 different types of thickeners (sodium alginate, thermacol min, prepajet UNI) for the pre-treatment of our printed fabric. We receive got observed the number of pre-treatment amongst all these thickeners performing different fastness tests. The results of the seek showed that sodium alginate gives pitiful fastness properties equally compare to the others ii because it does non create the dye properly as well as the dye bleeds to a greater extent than piece washing. While the Prepajet UNI gives the meliorate fastness properties on digitally printed stuff inward all of the 3 thickeners. Thus, at this stage nosotros receive got omitted the sodium alginate.

CHAPTER half dozen

6. FUTURE WORK
In future, different types of seek (i.e. % fixation, K/S) volition live performed to analyze the number of pretreatment on color forcefulness as well as dye fixation of digitally printed fabric.

Further working volition live done amongst thermacol min as well as prepajet UNI yesteryear doing petty changes inward recipe as well as physical care for parameters as well as it is also possible that to a greater extent than thickeners volition live used other than thermacol min as well as prepajet UNI for meliorate results.

REFERENCES

1. http://provost-inkjet.com/resources/SDC++Ink+JetPretreatment+4th+Dec+03.pdf
2. L. W. C. Miles inward “Textile Printing”, 2nd ed. (L. W. C. Miles Ed.), pp.240–274, Society of Dyers as well as Colourists, Bradford, 1994.
3. Susan Meller as well as Joost Elffers, Textile Designs: Two Hundred Years of European as well as American Patterns for Printed Fabrics Organized yesteryear Motif, Style, Colour, Layout, as well as Period, Abrams, 2002.
4. http://www.silk-road.com/artl/printing.shtml.
5. Kulube H M as well as Hawkyard C J, `Fabric pretreatments as well as inks for textile ink-jet printing', Int. Text. Bull., Dyeing, Printing, Finishing, 1996.
6. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143720809001387?np=y.
7. http://www.sid.ir/EN/VEWSSID/J_pdf/1033120130101.pdf.
8. http://pccc.icrc.ac.ir/?xid=0113010121017900004&id=705&T=A .
9. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02902924.
10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235002804_Single-phase_ink-jet_printing_onto_cottonfabric.
11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-4408.2007.00094.x/full
12. Dawson T L as well as Glover B (eds), Textile Ink Jet Printing, Bradford, UK, SDC, 2004.
13. Miles L W C, Textile Printing, 2nd edn, Bradford, UK, SDC, 1994, Chapter 7, 250-252.
14. www.storktextile.com.

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