Yaa Implementation Of Effluent Handling Plants For Waste Matter H2o & Lawsuit Of Untreated On Environs (Part-2)
Tuesday 18 December 2018
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Implementation of Effluent Treatment Plants for Waste Water & Effect of Untreated on Environment (Part-2)
Rois U. Mahmud
Department of Textile Engineering
BGMEA University Of Fashion & Technology
Email: roisuddinhridoy@gmail.com
Name of industry: Niagara Textile Industry Ltd.
Department of Textile Engineering
BGMEA University Of Fashion & Technology
Email: roisuddinhridoy@gmail.com
Name of industry: Niagara Textile Industry Ltd.
Now nosotros depict well-nigh the processes of our visited site flora past times next site government flow chart:-
1. Screening:
Screening is a mechanical procedure that separates particles on the footing of size. There are several types, which receive got static, vibrating or rotating screens. Openings inwards the screening surfaces attain inwards size depending on the nature of the waste. In the example of textile dyeing industries they should live pocket-size plenty to grab pieces of cloth, which may impairment procedure equipment, trim back the effectiveness of the ETP or contaminate waterways.
2. Equalization/Collecting Tank:
The many steps inwards the textile dyeing process (pre-treatment, dyeing as well as finishing) hateful that wastewater character as well as quantity varies considerably over time, all the same ETPs are unremarkably designed to care for wastewater that has a to a greater extent than or less constant flow as well as a character that alone fluctuates within a narrow range. The equalization tank overcomes this past times collecting as well as storing the waste, allowing it to mix as well as ensuring that it becomes less variable inwards composition earlier it is pumped to the handling units at a constant rate. The piece of work of equalization for industrial handling facilities are therefore:
3. Sedimentation as well as Filtration:
The flocs formed inwards flocculation (see chemic unit of measurement processes for a description of flocculation) are large plenty to live removed past times gravitational settling, also known equally sedimentation. This is achieved inwards a tank referred to equally the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier.
Sedimentation is also used to take grit as well as suspended solids, to create clarified effluent, as well as to thicken the sludge produced inwards biological treatment. Flocculation as well as sedimentation should take most of the suspended solids as well as a part of the BOD.
4. Chemical Unit Processes:
Chemical unit of measurement processes are ever used with physical operations as well as may also live used with biological handling processes, although it is possible to receive got a purely physico-chemical flora with no biological treatment. Chemical processes usage the add-on of chemicals to the wastewater to select well-nigh changes inwards its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemic atmospheric precipitation as well as oxidation. Niagara authorisation usage Fe(SO4), Calcium carbonate(lime),HCL, Electrolyte(polymer).
5. pH Control:
Waste from textile industries is rarely pH neutral. Certain processes such equally reactive dyeing require large quantities of alkali but pretreatments as well as simply about washes tin dismiss live acidic. It is thence necessary to accommodate the pH inwards the handling procedure to brand the wastewater pH neutral. This is peculiarly of import if biological handling is existence used, equally the microorganisms used inwards biological handling require a pH inwards the attain of 6-8 as well as volition live killed past times highly acidic or alkali wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH) sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may live added with other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or muriatic acid may live added. Acids tin dismiss crusade corrosion of equipment as well as tending must live taken inwards choosing which acid to use. Hydrocholoric acid is in all probability meliorate from an environmental persuasion betoken but tin dismiss corrode stainless steel thence plastic or appropriately coated pumps as well as pipes must live used.
6. Aeration Tank:
Aeration is required inwards biological handling processes to provide oxygen to the microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste. It may also live applied inwards the equalization tank to provide mixing as well as to trim back oxygen demand past times oxidizing the compounds acquaint inwards wastewater. Two primary methods are used for this: either mechanical agitation of the H2O so that air from the atmosphere enters the water; or past times introducing air into the tank through blowers (to provide air) as well as diffusers (to diffuse the air uniformly).
7. Coagulation as well as Flocculation:
Coagulation is used to take waste materials materials inwards suspended or colloidal form. Colloids are particles over a size attain of 0.1 – 1 nm (10-8 – 10-7 cm). These particles make non settle out on standing as well as cannot live removed past times conventional physical handling processes. In a pocket-size sample of wastewater at that topographic point volition live both settleable solids as well as dispersed solids. H5N1 meaning part of these non-settleable solids may live colloidal. Each particle is stabilized past times negative electrical charges on its surface, causing it to repel neighboring particles, simply equally magnetic poles repel each other. Coagulation is destabilization of these colloids past times neutralizing the forces that proceed them apart so that they tin dismiss agglomerate 2, three (come together). This is to a greater extent than oft than non accomplished past times adding chemic coagulants as well as mixing. Figure 2 illustrates how these chemicals trim back the electrical charges on colloidal surfaces.
The term ‘flocculation’ may live taken to comprehend those processes whereby pocket-size particles or pocket-size groups of particles cast large aggregates. Flocculation during wastewater handling converts finely divided suspended solids into larger particles so that efficient, rapid settling tin dismiss occur. The term is also used for the dramatic number when polyelectrolytes are added as well as large stable flocs are formed real apace (Figure 3).
8. Secondary Treatment/ Secondary Clearifier:
The objective of secondary or biological handling of industrial wastewater is to remove, or trim back the concentration of, organic as well as inorganic compounds. Biological handling processes tin dismiss receive got many forms but all are based on microorganisms, mainly bacteria. These microorganisms usage components of the effluent equally their “food” as well as inwards doing so interruption them downwards to less complex as well as less hazardous compounds, thus decreasing the BOD as well as COD. In the procedure the microorganisms increase inwards number.The 2 most mutual forms of biological handling are:
AS leaves the reactor with the treated effluent but is settled out inwards a clarifier as well as returned to the aeration unit of measurement to recycle the bacteria. The amount of AS required for effective functioning varies according to the blueprint of the ASP as well as the concentration as well as nature of the effluent existence treated. Suppliers of ASPs should live able to suggest on the optimum amount of AS inwards the system. The ratio of the amount of effluent inwards damage of BOD as well as the amount of AS (known equally the f/m ratio) is an of import blueprint as well as operating parameter as well as sometimes ASPs are operating so equally to keep a fixed f/m ratio. If at that topographic point is to a greater extent than AS inwards the ASP than desired a part is removed (this is called wasting) as well as disposed of.
In the ‘traditional’ trickling filter, the effluent is tricked over the surface of the slime-covered media as well as the infinite betwixt the particles of media is occupied past times air which passively diffuses through the filter (Figure 3). In the to a greater extent than recent blueprint of the submerged fixed cinema reactor, the particles of media are submerged inwards the effluent as well as the air is blown into the reactor from below.
Both activated sludge as well as fixed cinema systems tin dismiss create high character effluent but both receive got advantages as well as disadvantages. In the AS procedure the settling as well as recycling of AS to the aerobic reactor is vital, but the settling procedure tin dismiss live hard to accomplish. Fixed cinema systems make non require recycling of biomass as well as so make non acquaint this problem. Surplus AS needs to live disposed of: this stuff must live disposed of appropriately so that the pollutants forthwith acquaint inwards this sludge make non move inwards the H2O wheel (see the briefing banker's bill “Management of Textile Dyeing Sludge” produced equally role of this serial for to a greater extent than data on this). The treated liquid is discharged to the surroundings or taken for farther handling depending on the desired measure of effluent character or the required usage of the wastewater.
On simply about other mitt they dis accuse their in conclusion treated H2O into the local cannel. They don’t usage the H2O past times recycling . They told us for their lacking of modern technology of ETP they can’t usage the H2O past times recycling.
Results as well as Discussion:
For all industries usage ETP should follow a National Standards – Waste Discharge Quality Standards for Industrial units & projects.
By constabulary factories must monitor the character of their wastewater as well as rest within national limits for pollution. The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 provide national standards for the character of industrial wastewater existence discharged into for certain places including opened upwardly H2O bodies, populace sewers as well as irrigated land. They also provide specific discharge character standards for primal parameters from for certain industries, including the textile dyeing industry.
*Product Quality Checked:
In Niagara, they usage 4 chemicals inwards their ETP.
*Required Chemicals as well as Their Functions inwards ETP:
HCL:
Function: Neutralize the waste materials H2O controlling the PH. It is auto dispensed inwards the neutralization tank.
Polyelectrolyte:
Function: Used for sedimentation / sludge coagulation as well as also killing bacteria.
De-colorent(caco3):
Function: Used for removing color. It is used auto / manually inwards the sedimentation feeding tank.
Ferrous sulphate:
Function: It is used to kill the harmful bacteria. It is used inwards the biological oxidation tank.
*Capacity of effluent handling inwards Niagara:
Our visited site industry’s effluent handling capacity is – 120m3/hour
That hateful their capacity per Day is – 2880m3/day
*Data of discharge character of our visited site:
Table: Physio-chemical Characteristics(Approximate)
 |
| Screening |
The many steps inwards the textile dyeing process (pre-treatment, dyeing as well as finishing) hateful that wastewater character as well as quantity varies considerably over time, all the same ETPs are unremarkably designed to care for wastewater that has a to a greater extent than or less constant flow as well as a character that alone fluctuates within a narrow range. The equalization tank overcomes this past times collecting as well as storing the waste, allowing it to mix as well as ensuring that it becomes less variable inwards composition earlier it is pumped to the handling units at a constant rate. The piece of work of equalization for industrial handling facilities are therefore:
- To minimize flow surges to physical-chemical handling systems as well as permit chemic feed rates that are compatible with feeding equipment.
- To aid adequate pH command or to minimize the chemic requirements necessary for neutralization.
- To provide continuous feed to biological systems over periods when the manufacturing flora is non operating.
- To preclude high concentrations of toxic materials from entering the biological handling plant.
 |
| Collecting Tank |
The flocs formed inwards flocculation (see chemic unit of measurement processes for a description of flocculation) are large plenty to live removed past times gravitational settling, also known equally sedimentation. This is achieved inwards a tank referred to equally the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier.
 |
| Sedimentation tank |
4. Chemical Unit Processes:
Chemical unit of measurement processes are ever used with physical operations as well as may also live used with biological handling processes, although it is possible to receive got a purely physico-chemical flora with no biological treatment. Chemical processes usage the add-on of chemicals to the wastewater to select well-nigh changes inwards its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemic atmospheric precipitation as well as oxidation. Niagara authorisation usage Fe(SO4), Calcium carbonate(lime),HCL, Electrolyte(polymer).
 |
| Chemical unit of measurement processes |
Waste from textile industries is rarely pH neutral. Certain processes such equally reactive dyeing require large quantities of alkali but pretreatments as well as simply about washes tin dismiss live acidic. It is thence necessary to accommodate the pH inwards the handling procedure to brand the wastewater pH neutral. This is peculiarly of import if biological handling is existence used, equally the microorganisms used inwards biological handling require a pH inwards the attain of 6-8 as well as volition live killed past times highly acidic or alkali wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH) sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may live added with other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or muriatic acid may live added. Acids tin dismiss crusade corrosion of equipment as well as tending must live taken inwards choosing which acid to use. Hydrocholoric acid is in all probability meliorate from an environmental persuasion betoken but tin dismiss corrode stainless steel thence plastic or appropriately coated pumps as well as pipes must live used.
 |
| pH Control |
Aeration is required inwards biological handling processes to provide oxygen to the microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste. It may also live applied inwards the equalization tank to provide mixing as well as to trim back oxygen demand past times oxidizing the compounds acquaint inwards wastewater. Two primary methods are used for this: either mechanical agitation of the H2O so that air from the atmosphere enters the water; or past times introducing air into the tank through blowers (to provide air) as well as diffusers (to diffuse the air uniformly).
 |
| Aeration Tank |
Coagulation is used to take waste materials materials inwards suspended or colloidal form. Colloids are particles over a size attain of 0.1 – 1 nm (10-8 – 10-7 cm). These particles make non settle out on standing as well as cannot live removed past times conventional physical handling processes. In a pocket-size sample of wastewater at that topographic point volition live both settleable solids as well as dispersed solids. H5N1 meaning part of these non-settleable solids may live colloidal. Each particle is stabilized past times negative electrical charges on its surface, causing it to repel neighboring particles, simply equally magnetic poles repel each other. Coagulation is destabilization of these colloids past times neutralizing the forces that proceed them apart so that they tin dismiss agglomerate 2, three (come together). This is to a greater extent than oft than non accomplished past times adding chemic coagulants as well as mixing. Figure 2 illustrates how these chemicals trim back the electrical charges on colloidal surfaces.
 |
| Fig-2 |
 |
| Fig-3 |
The objective of secondary or biological handling of industrial wastewater is to remove, or trim back the concentration of, organic as well as inorganic compounds. Biological handling processes tin dismiss receive got many forms but all are based on microorganisms, mainly bacteria. These microorganisms usage components of the effluent equally their “food” as well as inwards doing so interruption them downwards to less complex as well as less hazardous compounds, thus decreasing the BOD as well as COD. In the procedure the microorganisms increase inwards number.The 2 most mutual forms of biological handling are:
- Activated sludge plants (ASPs)
- Biofilm based systems (often these are trickling filter systems).
AS leaves the reactor with the treated effluent but is settled out inwards a clarifier as well as returned to the aeration unit of measurement to recycle the bacteria. The amount of AS required for effective functioning varies according to the blueprint of the ASP as well as the concentration as well as nature of the effluent existence treated. Suppliers of ASPs should live able to suggest on the optimum amount of AS inwards the system. The ratio of the amount of effluent inwards damage of BOD as well as the amount of AS (known equally the f/m ratio) is an of import blueprint as well as operating parameter as well as sometimes ASPs are operating so equally to keep a fixed f/m ratio. If at that topographic point is to a greater extent than AS inwards the ASP than desired a part is removed (this is called wasting) as well as disposed of.
In the ‘traditional’ trickling filter, the effluent is tricked over the surface of the slime-covered media as well as the infinite betwixt the particles of media is occupied past times air which passively diffuses through the filter (Figure 3). In the to a greater extent than recent blueprint of the submerged fixed cinema reactor, the particles of media are submerged inwards the effluent as well as the air is blown into the reactor from below.
Both activated sludge as well as fixed cinema systems tin dismiss create high character effluent but both receive got advantages as well as disadvantages. In the AS procedure the settling as well as recycling of AS to the aerobic reactor is vital, but the settling procedure tin dismiss live hard to accomplish. Fixed cinema systems make non require recycling of biomass as well as so make non acquaint this problem. Surplus AS needs to live disposed of: this stuff must live disposed of appropriately so that the pollutants forthwith acquaint inwards this sludge make non move inwards the H2O wheel (see the briefing banker's bill “Management of Textile Dyeing Sludge” produced equally role of this serial for to a greater extent than data on this). The treated liquid is discharged to the surroundings or taken for farther handling depending on the desired measure of effluent character or the required usage of the wastewater.
9. Sludge collection Tank & Discharge Treated Water:
Sludge is produced from the handling of wastewater inwards on-site (e.g. septic tank) as well as off-site (e.g. activated sludge) systems. This is inherently so because a primary aim of wastewater handling is removing solids from the wastewater. In addition, soluble organic substances are converted to bacterial cells, as well as the latter is removed from the wastewater. Sludge is also produced from the handling of stormwater , although it is probable to live less organic inwards nature compared to wastewater sludge. In Niagara they collect the sludge inwards the sludge bad as well as they shop it at to the lowest degree three to 4 month.After that they pose that sludge inwards pocket-size package as well as transfer that package at simply about other house where they had planted these inwards the ground.  |
| Sludge collection Tank |
Results as well as Discussion:
For all industries usage ETP should follow a National Standards – Waste Discharge Quality Standards for Industrial units & projects.
By constabulary factories must monitor the character of their wastewater as well as rest within national limits for pollution. The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 provide national standards for the character of industrial wastewater existence discharged into for certain places including opened upwardly H2O bodies, populace sewers as well as irrigated land. They also provide specific discharge character standards for primal parameters from for certain industries, including the textile dyeing industry.
*Product Quality Checked:
- Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
- Total suspended solids
- Total dissolved solids
- Color
- pH et.
Table: Discharge Quality Standards for Classified Industries – Composite Textile Plant
 |
*Required Chemicals as well as Their Functions inwards ETP:
HCL:
Function: Neutralize the waste materials H2O controlling the PH. It is auto dispensed inwards the neutralization tank.
Polyelectrolyte:
Function: Used for sedimentation / sludge coagulation as well as also killing bacteria.
De-colorent(caco3):
Function: Used for removing color. It is used auto / manually inwards the sedimentation feeding tank.
Ferrous sulphate:
Function: It is used to kill the harmful bacteria. It is used inwards the biological oxidation tank.
*Capacity of effluent handling inwards Niagara:
Our visited site industry’s effluent handling capacity is – 120m3/hour
That hateful their capacity per Day is – 2880m3/day
*Data of discharge character of our visited site:
Table: Physio-chemical Characteristics(Approximate)
Physicochemical Characteristics | Untreated Effluent | Treated Effluent |
Color | Dark- Blue | Light-blue |
Odor | Unpleasant | Small Odor |
BOD | Above 200 | Around 100 |
COD | Above 350 | Around 250 |
PH | 9.8 | 7.2-7.4 |
TDS | 3300 | 1590 |
TSS | 200 | 133 |
Temperature | 430c | 350c |
At our visiting fourth dimension nosotros also discovery out i of import affair that the whole manufacture usage *underground water* for their dyeing,finishing etc! And they also don’t usage that used H2O past times recycling! They discharge the H2O into the cannel or River.
Recommendation
Here at outset nosotros would similar to give thank you lot to prof.Engg.Dr. Ayub Nabi Khan(pro-vice of BUFT)for managed the industry, Mr.Diamond sir for giving us the risk to take in Niagara& Mr.Zahir(Trainee) to aid us past times giving his valuable time. On the other hand,at our visiting fourth dimension nosotros knew that whole H2O rootage of Niagara is hush-hush water. This is a actually large affair of describe of piece of work organization for our environmental residue of hush-hush water. And simply about other affair is, Niagara authorisation make non usage the used H2O past times recycling. So that twenty-four hours past times twenty-four hours nosotros may live liberate our hush-hush H2O level. So nosotros recommend hither to the authorisation to usage the treated H2O past times recycling. So that our H2O marking may non move downwards twenty-four hours past times day.Other affair is nosotros don’t recall the ETP of Niagara is much modern for treating the effluent purely as well as also they may non care for the effluent of manufacturing flora at measure way. Because nosotros saw the in conclusion treated H2O color is non skillful equally measure as well as discharge H2O receive got also much aroma too. And authorisation discharge that H2O into local cannel or River.So that this depression character treated H2O may harm the character of the cannel or river’s H2O as well as also harm the Environment badly.
Conclusion:
The recent awareness on the ETP requirement should live directed inwards a constructive way. We realize that industrial effluent should live treated earlier drainage. Upon dis- cussed novel methods tin dismiss live applied to take dissimilar dye also hazardous materials from industrial effluents. The Government must come upwardly forwards to facilitate ETP installation with technical guidance as well as also with fi- nancing. Consideration for Common ETP tin dismiss live made past times the Government, which volition encourage small-scale industries to constitute ETPs within their toll limitations. Government’s recent stringent role against manufacture possessor may pressurize them to come upwardly up with compliance meas- ure regarding ETP installation, but inwards the long run, a skillful final result from the concept of ETP installation tin dismiss alone live ensured past times proper monitoring as well as environmental audit past times Government afterward. Neither manufacture as well as mortal sector nor populace sector lone tin dismiss live left responsible for realization on the intensity of the problem. Government as well as the mortal sector should come upwardly into with its total glory to solve the work mutually, which aims at burning number similar environmental conservation.
REFERENCES:
Recommendation
Here at outset nosotros would similar to give thank you lot to prof.Engg.Dr. Ayub Nabi Khan(pro-vice of BUFT)for managed the industry, Mr.Diamond sir for giving us the risk to take in Niagara& Mr.Zahir(Trainee) to aid us past times giving his valuable time. On the other hand,at our visiting fourth dimension nosotros knew that whole H2O rootage of Niagara is hush-hush water. This is a actually large affair of describe of piece of work organization for our environmental residue of hush-hush water. And simply about other affair is, Niagara authorisation make non usage the used H2O past times recycling. So that twenty-four hours past times twenty-four hours nosotros may live liberate our hush-hush H2O level. So nosotros recommend hither to the authorisation to usage the treated H2O past times recycling. So that our H2O marking may non move downwards twenty-four hours past times day.Other affair is nosotros don’t recall the ETP of Niagara is much modern for treating the effluent purely as well as also they may non care for the effluent of manufacturing flora at measure way. Because nosotros saw the in conclusion treated H2O color is non skillful equally measure as well as discharge H2O receive got also much aroma too. And authorisation discharge that H2O into local cannel or River.So that this depression character treated H2O may harm the character of the cannel or river’s H2O as well as also harm the Environment badly.
Conclusion:
The recent awareness on the ETP requirement should live directed inwards a constructive way. We realize that industrial effluent should live treated earlier drainage. Upon dis- cussed novel methods tin dismiss live applied to take dissimilar dye also hazardous materials from industrial effluents. The Government must come upwardly forwards to facilitate ETP installation with technical guidance as well as also with fi- nancing. Consideration for Common ETP tin dismiss live made past times the Government, which volition encourage small-scale industries to constitute ETPs within their toll limitations. Government’s recent stringent role against manufacture possessor may pressurize them to come upwardly up with compliance meas- ure regarding ETP installation, but inwards the long run, a skillful final result from the concept of ETP installation tin dismiss alone live ensured past times proper monitoring as well as environmental audit past times Government afterward. Neither manufacture as well as mortal sector nor populace sector lone tin dismiss live left responsible for realization on the intensity of the problem. Government as well as the mortal sector should come upwardly into with its total glory to solve the work mutually, which aims at burning number similar environmental conservation.
REFERENCES:
- Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Environment as well as Forests, The Environment Conversation Rules 1997, Schedule 10, Rule xiii (Un-official English linguistic communication Version)
- Islam, A. as well as Jolly, Y.N. (2007): Heavy metals inwards H2O as well as fishes of the tannery affected vicinity of the river Buriganga, J. Bang., Aca, Sci., 31(2), 163-171.
- Jolly, Y.N. as well as Islam, A. (2006): Heavy Metals inwards Water as well as Fishes of the River Shitalakkha, Nuclear Science as well as Application, 15(20:13-20.
- Jolly, Y.Nb., Ph.D. thesis, (2011): Evaluation of industrial effluents for irrigation, Dept. of Applied Chemistry as well as Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. pp. 174-178
- Bhuiyan, M.A.H.; Suravi, N.I.; Dampare, S.B.; Islam, M.A.; Qurashi, S.B.; Ganyaglo, S. as well as Suzuki, S. (2010): Investigation of the possible sources of heavy metallic contamination inwards lagoon as well as canal H2O inwards tannery industrial expanse inwards Dhaka, Bangladesh, Environ Monit Assess, 175, 633-649.
- Web: www.bcas.net
- Journal of Environmental Protection, 2013, 4, 301-308
- http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.43035 Published Online March 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep)
- Guide for Assessment of Effluent Treatment Plants inwards EMP/EIA Reports for Textile Industries. Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment as well as Forest, Bangladesh.
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