Yaa Fabric Fibers: Sources, Chemic Composition

Types, Sources in addition to Chemical Composition of Textile Fibers
Jay Sanjay Trivedi
Dept of Textile Engineering
Government Polytechnic Nagpur, Republic of Republic of India
Email: trivedij006@gmail.com

SOURCES OF CELLULOSIC FIBERS:
Classification of fiber according to cellulosic sources are given below.

1. SEED HAIR FIBERS:
The seed hairs similar cotton incorporate cellulose amongst really less non cellulosic meat (4-12%). This makes purification virtually simpler than for virtually of other cellulosic fibers. Other seed fibers are kapok in addition to bombax cotton. These fibers incorporate 55-65% cellulose.

2. BAST FIBERS:
The Bast fibers are long fibers of the outer bark of the diverse plants. It includes FLAX, HEMP, JUTE, RAMIE, KENAF, SUNN etc.. the fibers are integrated amongst natural paste inward the found structure. The fibers are separated past times removal of the gums in addition to the procedure is by in addition to large known every bit RETTING.

Fig: Textile fibers

3. LEAF FIBERS:
Many of the celluslosiv fibers similar SISAL, HEMP, MANILA are every bit good obtained from the leaves of the plants. The fibers extend longitudinally the sum length of the leafage in addition to contribute forcefulness to the leaves. The fibers are buried inward tissues of the leaves in addition to tin live separated from the tissue past times scrapping since at that topographic point is no bonding betwixt the fibers in addition to the tissue. This procedure is known every bit DECORTIFICATION.

4. HASK OR FRUIT FIBERS:
The husk of coconut, betelnut,and palmnut which protect the fruit for evolution tin live processed in addition to utilize every bit a fiber. After removal of the fruit the husk tin live extyracted, retted, in addition to processed.

SOURCES OF PROTEIN FIBERS:

Sr. No	Fibers	Sources
1.	Wool	From Sheep
2.	Mohair	From Angara Goat
3.	Cashmere	From Cashmere Goat
4.	Camel Hair	From Camel
5.	Rabbit Hair	From Rabbit
6.	Horse Hair	From Horse
7.	Alpaca, Ilama	Ilama

Another type of poly peptide fibers is produced from the larvae of caterpillars when cocoons are formed.

SOURCES OF SYNTHETIC:
Main sources of formation of synthetic fibers are:

1. PETROLEUM
2. NATURAL GAS DEPOSIT
3. COAL

ADVANTAGE:

• High resistance to chemicals
• High resistance
• Low flammability
• High elasticity in addition to and then high resistance to distortion in addition to creasing.
• High resistance to abrasion.

CHEMICAL EXTRACTED AND MONOMERS:

Sr.No	Chemicals	Monomers
1.	Methane	Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Acetate Acrylonitrile Hexamethylene Diamine
2.	Ethane	Vinyl Chloride
3.	Ethylene	Ethylene Ethylene Glycol Vinyl Chloride Acrylonitrile Hexamethylene Diamine Styrene
4.	Propylene	Propylene Acrylonitrile
5.	Proprane/Butane	Ethylene Propylene
6.	Butadiene	Hexamethylene Diamine
7.	Benzene	Adipic Acid Hexamethylene Diamine Caprolactum
8.	Phenol	Terephathalic Acid Hexamethylenediamine

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMER:

Sr.No	Monomer Characteristic	Type Of Polymer
1.	Functionality Of The Monomer	Linear Polymer, Branched Polymers, Or Cross Linked Polymers.
2.	Chemical Characteristic Of The Monomers	Addition Polymers Or Condensation Polymers.
3.	Chemical Groups Present In Condensation Polymers	Polymer Named As Per The Chemical Group E.G Polyamides, Polyethylene
4.	No. Of Monomers Used	Homo-Polymer Or Co-Polymer

The principal characteristics of fiber forming polymer:

1. Flexibility
2. Molecular Mass
3. Configuration
4. Crystallinity
5. Orientation

Spinning method for dissimilar polymer:

Sr.No	Method Of Spinning	Polymer	Chemical Nature
1.	Melt Spinning	Nylon Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene	Polyamide Poly(Ethylene Terephtalate) Ethylene Homo And Co-Polymer Propylene Homo And Copolymer
2.	Dry Spinning	Cell Acetate Vinyon	Acetylated Cellulose Vinyl Chloride And Vinyl Acetate Co-Polymer Poly(Acrylonitrile)
3.	Wet Spinning	Viscose Casein Acrylin Vinylon Pvc	Cellulose Protein Poly(Acrylonitrile) Polyvinyl Alcohol Polyvinyl Chloride

DENSITY METHOD:
Volume fraction crystallinity tin live calculated past times using next equation:

Xv(%) = do-da/dc-da*100

where,

Xv = is the book fraction crystallinity.
do = the density of the experimental sample.
dc = the density of pure crystalline area.
da = the density of pure amorphous area.

The volume fraction crystallinity tin live measured from the specific book information. This equation is:

Xm(%) = Va-Vo/Va-Vc*100

where,

Xm = is the volume fraction crystallinity.
Vo = the specific book of the experimental sample.
Va = the specific book of pure amorphous expanse in addition to
Vc = the specific book of pure crystalline area.

This equation tin live modified inward damage of density every bit V=1/D

Xm(%)= dc/da*do-da/dc-da*100

where,

dc = the densities of pure crystalline area.
da = the densities of amorphous area.

Density of pure crystalline in addition to pure amorphous areas:

Sr.No	Fibers	Dc(G/Cc)	Da(G/Cc)
1.	Polyethylene	1.000	0.852
2.	Polypropylene	0.937	0.854
3.	Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)	1.455	1.335
4.	Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)	1.396	1.280
5.	Polyamide 6	1.230	1.089
6.	Polyamide 6.6	1.220	1.069

Liquids used inward Density Gradient Column:

Sr.No	Liquid	Density(gm/m)
1.	Ethanol	0.79
2.	Isopropanal	0.79
3.	Methanol	0.80
4.	Xylene	0.86
5.	Toluene	0.87
6.	Benzyl Alcohol	0.92
7.	Water	1.00
8.	Diethylene Glycol	1.11
9.	Sodium Bromide	1.41
10.	Carbon Tetrachloride	1.59
11.	Calcium Nitrate	1.60
12.	1,3-Dibromopropane	1.99
13.	Ethylene Bromide	2.18
14.	Bromoform	2.89

Crystal construction of cellulose:

Sr.No	Cellulose	Alfa	Beta	C	Beta
1.	Cellulose i	8.35	10.3	7.9	84
2.	Cellulose ii	8.10	10.3	9.1	62
3.	Cellulose iii	7.74	10.3	9.9	58
4.	Cellulose iv	8.11	10.3	7.9	90
5.	Types Of Bond	Hydrogen	Co-Valent Vander Walls
6.	Stability(Kcal/Mole)	15	50	08

Formation of hydrates past times dissimilar alkalies:

Sr.No	Types Of Hydrates	Hydrodynamic Diameter(Mm)	Concentration Of
			NaOH (%)	KOH  (%)	LiOH (%)
1.	Dipole Hydrate	0.5-0.8	30-70%	40-75%	20-60%
2.	Solvated Dipole Hydrate	0.8-1.0	16-30%	30-40%	9-20%
3.	Hydrated Ion Pair	1.0-1.5	6-15%	7-30%	5-6%

Staple length of Commercial Cotton:

Sr.No	Commercial Cotton	Staple Length
1.	Sea Island Cotton	Around v cm
2.	Egyptian Cotton	Between 3.7-4.5 cm
3.	Brazilian Cotton	Between 3-4 cm
4.	American Cotton	Between 2.5-3.5 cm
5.	Indian Cotton	Between 2-3 cm
6.	Communist People's Republic of China Cotton	Between 1.5-2 cm Only

Chemical composition of Dry Cotton:

Sr.No	Chemicals	Composition (%)
1.	Cellulose	88-97%
2.	Protein	1-2%
3.	Oil And Wax	0.4-1.5%
4.	Pectins	0.4-1.5%
5.	Minerals	0.7-1.6%
6.	Others	0.5-8.0%

Chemical composition of of import Vegetable Fibers:

Sr.No	Fibers	Cellulose	Hemicellulose	Lignin	Pectin	Wax	Ash	Others
1.	1.Seed Hair Fibers: Cotton Kapok	93.0 64.0	2.6 23.0	13.0	0.9 23.0	0.6	1.2	1.7
2.	Bast Fibers: Jute Flax Hemp Ramie	71.5 71.2 74.4 76.2	13.3 18.6 17.9 14.6	13.1 2.2 3.7 0.7	0.2 2.0 0.8 2.1	0.6 2.3 0.8 0.3	1.0 1.3	0.3 2.6 2.3 6.1
3.	Leaf Fibers: Sisal Pineapple /Manila Hemp	73.1 70.2	13.3 21.8	11.0 5.7	0.9 0.6	0.3 0.2		1.4 1.5
4.	Husk Fibers: Coir	44.2	0.8	45.8	4.0			5.2

RETTING OF FIBERS:

Duration of retting of JUTE FIBERS:

Sr.No	Process	Duration
1.	Dew Retting	7-15 Days
2.	Stagnant Water Retting	10-20 Days
3.	Running Water Retting	22-30 Days
4.	Chemical Retting	6-8 Days

Duration of retting of FLAX FIBERS:

Sr.No	Process	Duration
1.	Dew Retting	10-20 Days
2.	Stagnant Water Retting	30-40 Days
3.	Running Water Retting	20-30 Days

 
Composition of proteins inward dissimilar Fibers:

Sr.No	Proteins	Composition(%)
1.	Carbon	45-55%
2.	Hydrogen	6-8%
3.	Oxygen	19-30%
4.	Nitrogen	15-20%
5.	Others	0-5%

SILK FIBER:

Different chemicals inward Silk:

Sr.No		Mulberry Silk	Tassar Silk	Muga Silk	Eri Silk
1.	Fibroin	70-80%	80-90%	80-90%	80-90%
2.	Sericine	20-30%	8-10%	8-10%	4-5%
3.	Other	2-3%	3-5%	3-9%	3-5%

Both Fibroin in addition to Sericine incorporate similar type of amino acids. The compositions of C, H, N, O varies footling betwixt fibrons in addition to sericines.

Sr.No		Fibers(%)	Sericine(%)
1.	C	47.6%	46.5%
2.	H	6.4%	6.0%
3.	N	18.3%	16.5%
4.	O	27.7%	31.0%

FIBROIN:
The fibroin i.e the principal business office of silk is made upward serial of dissimilar amino acids. The virtually of import is SERICINE, ALANINE in addition to GLYCINE. The of import acids are:

Sr.No		%
1.	Glycine	36.8%
2.	Alanine	22.2%
3.	Serine	11.4%
4.	Tyrosine	11.1%
5.	Leucine	1.5%
6.	Proline	1.0%
7.	Valine	2.7%
8.	Phenytalanine	1.5%
9.	Histidine	0.1%
10.	Lysine	0.2%
11.	Threonine	1.3%
12.	Arginine	0.9%

The jurist composition of dissimilar amino acid inward fibroin from wild silks are every bit follow:

Sr.No		%
1.	Glycine	20-30%
2.	Alanine	35-40%
3.	Serine	10-15%
4.	Tyrosine	8-10%
5.	Arginine	9-13%
6.	Threonine	5-10%
7.	Lysine	5-7%

SERCINE:

Sr.No		Mulberry Silk	Wild Silk
1.	Lysine	20-30%	20-30%
2.	Serine	16-20%	7-16%
3.	Glycine	8-10%	10-20%
4.	Aspartic Acid	8-12%	7-10%
5.	Glumatic Acid		4-6%
6.	Arginine		5-15%
7.	Threonine	4-6%	3-10%
8.	Histidine	4-6%	3-6%
9.	Tyrosine		4-6%

TEXTILE FIBER DENSITIES:

Sr.No	Textile Fibers	Fiber Densities (g/cm3)
1.	Cotton	1.54
2.	Flax	1.50
3.	Jute	1.50
4.	Wool	1.30
5.	Silk	1.60
6.	Polyester	1.22
7.	Viscose	1.53
8.	Cuprammonium	1.53
9.	Polyurethane	1.15
10.	Polypropylene	0.90
11.	Polyethylene	0.92
12.	Nylon 6	1.13
13.	Nylon 66	1.14
14.	Acrylic	1.14-1.17
15.	Polyvinyl Alcohol	1.30

You may every bit good like:

1. What is Textile Fiber? | Types of Textile Fiber
2. Properties of Fiber | Properties of Textile Fiber
3. Sisal Fiber | Properties of Sisal Fiber | Uses/Application of Sisal Fiber
4. Chemical Properties of Flax Fiber
5. Introduction of Synthetic Fiber | Production Process of Different Synthetic Fibers
6. Classification of Textile Fibers
7. Classification of Fibers According to Dyeing Properties
8. An Over View of High Performance Fibers
9. An Overview of Polyester Fiber

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