Textile Fiber, Yarn, Woven As Well As Knit Textile Dyeing Terms
Thursday 9 January 2014
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Woven or knit cloth dyeing price such as affinity, antichlor, shade, bonding, electrolyte, exhaustion, fixation, griege, hardness etc are rattling of import for wet processing technology learning as good as engineering scientific discipline students. Some of them I get got been used to depict here.
Affinity – The attraction betwixt ii items, inwards dyeing affinity essentially way the preferential attraction of the dye for the fibre rather than for the solution of the dye-bath. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 dye amongst high affinity readily leaves the dye solution of dispersion to attach to the fiber existence dyed.
Anion - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 negatively charged ion. Many chemicals used inwards textile processing are described as anionic. This way that when the chemic ionizes inwards solution, the ion that is “functional” has a negative electrical charge. Most dyes are anionic. Surfactants, including unopen to used as cloth softeners, may hold out anionic (others are cationic or non-ionic).
Anhydrous (without water) - Many “dry” chemicals may comprise unopen to H2O as component of the crystal structure. Although this tin often hold out compensated for inwards making upward formulas, it is often to a greater extent than convenient to exercise chemicals that comprise no water, that is, that are anhydrous.
Antichlor – This is a chemic used to neutralize chlorine bleach. It tin hold out rattling hard to completely rinse chlorine bleach out of fabric. The balance bleach tin interfere amongst subsequent dyeing as good as it volition eventually harm the fiber. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 rinse inwards a solution of antichlor, most commonly sodium bisulfite, volition chop-chop neutralize the bleach. Hydrogen peroxide as good functions to neutralize chlorine bleach. On the other mitt for neutralization of chlorine inwards H2O used to brand upward dye baths, sodium thiosulfate is the preferred antichlor agent.
Auxochrome – The groups which are associated to dyestuff’s chemic construction refer to the color increasing group.
Batch or Batching - leaving goods saturated amongst dye solution for unopen to menses of time, typically hours, in addition to typically at “room temperature” for the dye to create to the fibre
Boil – Usually, to oestrus or hold a solution at the temperature where the vapor pressure level of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure, that is, its boiling point; inwards dyeing one-time called “atmospheric boil” to distinguish from boiling nether pressure.
Bond – Basically 3 types of bond are there, which are hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond in addition to unopen to other thing is at that spot which is van der Waals forces. From these bonds hydrogen bonds are weakest, ionic bonds intermediate inwards strength, in addition to covalent bonds are strongest. Van der Waals forces are something of a particular case.
Carbonizing – It is the handling of wool amongst acid (Sulphuric Acid), followed past times partial drying and
heating to take industrial plant life materials.The hot acid volition degrade or ‘carbonize’ bits of industrial plant life affair inwards the wool, in addition to then that it is easily removed past times subsequent mechanical methods.
Cation - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 positively charged ion. Many chemicals used inwards textile processing are described as cationic, pregnant that when the chemical compound ionizes inwards solution, it is the positively charged ion that is “functional”.
Chromophore – It is color-bearing compound, typically pregnant the component of a larger organic molecule that makes it look colored. Dyes typically get got a chromophore chemically bonded to other structures that impart desired characteristics such as affinity for the fibre in addition to solubility inwards water. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 item chromophore construction may hold out constitute inwards a multifariousness of dye classes in addition to inwards pigments.
Color Index - a articulation publication of the Society of Dyers in addition to Colourists inwards U.K. in addition to the American Association of Textile Chemists in addition to Colorists. The Colour Index contains data on dye structures, classifications, manufacturers in addition to processes.
Covalent bond - a chemic bond where a duet of electrons is are shared relatively as betwixt ii atoms inwards the compound. Covalent bonds are formed betwixt the fibers in addition to reactive dyes. These are the strongest type of chemic bond,and are responsible for the fantabulous launder fastness of reactive dyes.
Crocking - Transfer of color from dyed or pigmented cloth past times rubbing to a cloth elevate crocking cloth. Wet crocking refers to transfer of color from a slice of dyed cloth to unopen to other slice of fabric, or to an undyed expanse of the same fabric, piece the cloth is wet. Dry crocking way the same, except that the cloth is dry.
Density - As a stair out of physical properties of a substance, the ratio of the volume (weight) of the core to its volume.
Depth of shade - Ratio of weight of dye to weight of goods dyed, normally expressed as percentage. Depth of shade (DOS), inwards these terms, is non actually a rattling expert way of comparison the darkness or intensity of color of finished fabrics, due to inherent differences inwards the hues of dissimilar dyes inside a family, differences betwixt dye families, in addition to differences due to the nature of the fabric. Dye manufacturers’ shade cards are typically exhibit 1 or ii depths of shade for a item dye, often betwixt 1% in addition to 4%, except for black, which is typically 3% to 6%.
Desizing - Desizing is an of import stride prior to dyeing cloth which is done to take size materil from fabric, since size tin interfere amongst dye uptake. Some size materials launder out easily. Starch is commonly used for size, in addition to tin hold out quite hard to remove. Amylase enzymes are often used industrially for starch removal. Some sizes tin hold out readily removed past times hot H2O washing.
Dope Dyeing - Coloration of the polymer prior to industry of the fibre.This is actually a misnomer, since the colorants are nigh ever pigments: “mass pigmentation” is a to a greater extent than accurate term. Some synthetic polymers such as polypropylene cannot hold out dyed afterwards existence made into fibres, in addition to coloration past times adding pigments to the melted stuff is the only method available. Pigmenting prior to making fibres tin as good scope washfastness in addition to lightfastness that is higher than tin hold out obtained amongst whatever dyeing process.
Dye Activator - One dye seller’s elevate for an alkali intended for exercise amongst reactive dyes; believed to hold out pure soda ash. This term is somewhat misleading: inwards the instance of most reactive dyes on cellulose fibers, it is the fiber, non the dye, that is “activated” (an exception to this is vinyl sulfone dyes).
Electrolyte – This is a core that makes an electrically conductive solution when it is dissolved inwards water. Electrolytes dissociate to shape ions inwards solution. Fibers immersed inwards H2O prepare a negative electrical accuse at their surface. Most dyes are anionic, in addition to then the fiber tends to repel the dye. The presence of electrolytes inwards the dye bathroom helps to overcome this repulsion in addition to then that the dye tin gain access to the surface of the fiber. The most mutual electrolyte inwards dyeing is sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium sulfate is used sometimes. The acids used amongst acid dyes as good comport as electrolytes.
Exhaust Dyeing - Generally pregnant the exercise of a dye bathroom of moderately large liquor to goods ratio, inwards which the fiber is immersed for unopen to time, allowing the dye molecules to acquire out the bathroom in addition to attach to the fibers. Exhaust dyeing is the typical procedure for most commercial cloth dyeing. It depends of dye substantivity.
Exhaustion – It is the leaving of a dye from the dye bathroom in addition to attachment to the fibre existence dyed. The ideal dye would exhaust totally - all the dye inwards the dye bathroom would terminate upward on the fibre. Exhaustion is sometimes specified as a percentage. For example, 60% exhaustion would hateful that 60% of the full amount of dye has attached to the fiber, in addition to 40% is nonetheless inwards solution. Reactive dyes to a greater extent than often than non exhibit moderate exhaustion piece many acid dyes exhaust to the request that the dye liquor becomes nearly colorless.
Fixation – It is formation of the “final” bond betwixt the dye in addition to fiber. The bond type formed betwixt the fiber in addition to the dye varies amongst the type of dye in addition to the fiber. As examples, reactive dyes create past times covalent bonding piece acid dyes create past times a multifariousness of mechanisms such as ionic bonding in addition to hydrophobic forces. Disperse in addition to vat dyes are fixed inwards the fiber largely past times physical entrapment of insoluble dye inside the fiber.
Fixative - In dyeing, a chemic that helps meliorate launder fastness of dyed fabric. Some types of dye practice non bond strongly to fibers, in addition to volition launder out over time. Fixatives applied afterwards dyeing tin help, although unopen to volition degrade lite fastness or drive shade changes.
Formosul – It is a merchandise elevate for sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate.
Fuchsia – This is a bluish-red color named afterwards a blossom named afterwards Herr Fuchs.
Glass Transition Temperature - The temperature higher upward which a stuff changes from a brittle,“glassy” nature to a rubbery nature; on cooling, the stuff changes dorsum to glassy Synthetic fibres, such as polyester in addition to nylon exhibit this alter of physical character. The charge per unit of measurement of dye uptake increases dramatically when the fiber is close or higher upward the drinking glass transition temperature. If the drinking glass transition temperature is higher upward the boiling request of water, as it is amongst polyester, the dyeing charge per unit of measurement is extremely wearisome fifty-fifty at the boil.
Greige – It way the greyish phase of cloth or the cloth used to dyeing. In North America, greige is often used to depict loom acre cloth that is unbleached, contains size in addition to lubricants, in addition to may hold out a fleck dirty. Greige goods are made ready for dyeing past times singeing, desizing, scouring in addition to normally bleaching.
Hand Feel - the experience of a cloth through hand. Hand of a cloth is quite subjective, in addition to often hard to describe. Both chemic in addition to mechanical treatments are oftentimes used to alter the mitt of a fabric. To increment mitt experience of cloth softener is used usually.
Hardness - With honour to water, a stair out of the content of minerals that impart for certain properties.
Calcium in addition to magnesium ions are principal drive of hardness in water. They tin interfere amongst unopen to chemic processes inwards grooming in addition to dyeing.
Hydrogen bond – It is the weakest chemic bond inwards which hydrogen that is already covalently bonded to 1 atom is electrically attracted to a solely duet of electrons on unopen to other atom. Some atoms such as oxygen are said to hold out rattling electronegative, which way that they strongly pull bonding electrons toward themselves. If hydrogen is bonded to such an atom, the hydrogen “appears” to get got unopen to positive charge.
Affinity – The attraction betwixt ii items, inwards dyeing affinity essentially way the preferential attraction of the dye for the fibre rather than for the solution of the dye-bath. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 dye amongst high affinity readily leaves the dye solution of dispersion to attach to the fiber existence dyed.
Anion - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 negatively charged ion. Many chemicals used inwards textile processing are described as anionic. This way that when the chemic ionizes inwards solution, the ion that is “functional” has a negative electrical charge. Most dyes are anionic. Surfactants, including unopen to used as cloth softeners, may hold out anionic (others are cationic or non-ionic).
Anhydrous (without water) - Many “dry” chemicals may comprise unopen to H2O as component of the crystal structure. Although this tin often hold out compensated for inwards making upward formulas, it is often to a greater extent than convenient to exercise chemicals that comprise no water, that is, that are anhydrous.
Antichlor – This is a chemic used to neutralize chlorine bleach. It tin hold out rattling hard to completely rinse chlorine bleach out of fabric. The balance bleach tin interfere amongst subsequent dyeing as good as it volition eventually harm the fiber. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 rinse inwards a solution of antichlor, most commonly sodium bisulfite, volition chop-chop neutralize the bleach. Hydrogen peroxide as good functions to neutralize chlorine bleach. On the other mitt for neutralization of chlorine inwards H2O used to brand upward dye baths, sodium thiosulfate is the preferred antichlor agent.
Auxochrome – The groups which are associated to dyestuff’s chemic construction refer to the color increasing group.
Batch or Batching - leaving goods saturated amongst dye solution for unopen to menses of time, typically hours, in addition to typically at “room temperature” for the dye to create to the fibre
Boil – Usually, to oestrus or hold a solution at the temperature where the vapor pressure level of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure, that is, its boiling point; inwards dyeing one-time called “atmospheric boil” to distinguish from boiling nether pressure.
Bond – Basically 3 types of bond are there, which are hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond in addition to unopen to other thing is at that spot which is van der Waals forces. From these bonds hydrogen bonds are weakest, ionic bonds intermediate inwards strength, in addition to covalent bonds are strongest. Van der Waals forces are something of a particular case.
Carbonizing – It is the handling of wool amongst acid (Sulphuric Acid), followed past times partial drying and
heating to take industrial plant life materials.The hot acid volition degrade or ‘carbonize’ bits of industrial plant life affair inwards the wool, in addition to then that it is easily removed past times subsequent mechanical methods.
Cation - Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 positively charged ion. Many chemicals used inwards textile processing are described as cationic, pregnant that when the chemical compound ionizes inwards solution, it is the positively charged ion that is “functional”.
Chromophore – It is color-bearing compound, typically pregnant the component of a larger organic molecule that makes it look colored. Dyes typically get got a chromophore chemically bonded to other structures that impart desired characteristics such as affinity for the fibre in addition to solubility inwards water. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 item chromophore construction may hold out constitute inwards a multifariousness of dye classes in addition to inwards pigments.
Color Index - a articulation publication of the Society of Dyers in addition to Colourists inwards U.K. in addition to the American Association of Textile Chemists in addition to Colorists. The Colour Index contains data on dye structures, classifications, manufacturers in addition to processes.
Covalent bond - a chemic bond where a duet of electrons is are shared relatively as betwixt ii atoms inwards the compound. Covalent bonds are formed betwixt the fibers in addition to reactive dyes. These are the strongest type of chemic bond,and are responsible for the fantabulous launder fastness of reactive dyes.
Crocking - Transfer of color from dyed or pigmented cloth past times rubbing to a cloth elevate crocking cloth. Wet crocking refers to transfer of color from a slice of dyed cloth to unopen to other slice of fabric, or to an undyed expanse of the same fabric, piece the cloth is wet. Dry crocking way the same, except that the cloth is dry.
Density - As a stair out of physical properties of a substance, the ratio of the volume (weight) of the core to its volume.
Depth of shade - Ratio of weight of dye to weight of goods dyed, normally expressed as percentage. Depth of shade (DOS), inwards these terms, is non actually a rattling expert way of comparison the darkness or intensity of color of finished fabrics, due to inherent differences inwards the hues of dissimilar dyes inside a family, differences betwixt dye families, in addition to differences due to the nature of the fabric. Dye manufacturers’ shade cards are typically exhibit 1 or ii depths of shade for a item dye, often betwixt 1% in addition to 4%, except for black, which is typically 3% to 6%.
Desizing - Desizing is an of import stride prior to dyeing cloth which is done to take size materil from fabric, since size tin interfere amongst dye uptake. Some size materials launder out easily. Starch is commonly used for size, in addition to tin hold out quite hard to remove. Amylase enzymes are often used industrially for starch removal. Some sizes tin hold out readily removed past times hot H2O washing.
Dope Dyeing - Coloration of the polymer prior to industry of the fibre.This is actually a misnomer, since the colorants are nigh ever pigments: “mass pigmentation” is a to a greater extent than accurate term. Some synthetic polymers such as polypropylene cannot hold out dyed afterwards existence made into fibres, in addition to coloration past times adding pigments to the melted stuff is the only method available. Pigmenting prior to making fibres tin as good scope washfastness in addition to lightfastness that is higher than tin hold out obtained amongst whatever dyeing process.
Dye Activator - One dye seller’s elevate for an alkali intended for exercise amongst reactive dyes; believed to hold out pure soda ash. This term is somewhat misleading: inwards the instance of most reactive dyes on cellulose fibers, it is the fiber, non the dye, that is “activated” (an exception to this is vinyl sulfone dyes).
Electrolyte – This is a core that makes an electrically conductive solution when it is dissolved inwards water. Electrolytes dissociate to shape ions inwards solution. Fibers immersed inwards H2O prepare a negative electrical accuse at their surface. Most dyes are anionic, in addition to then the fiber tends to repel the dye. The presence of electrolytes inwards the dye bathroom helps to overcome this repulsion in addition to then that the dye tin gain access to the surface of the fiber. The most mutual electrolyte inwards dyeing is sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium sulfate is used sometimes. The acids used amongst acid dyes as good comport as electrolytes.
Exhaust Dyeing - Generally pregnant the exercise of a dye bathroom of moderately large liquor to goods ratio, inwards which the fiber is immersed for unopen to time, allowing the dye molecules to acquire out the bathroom in addition to attach to the fibers. Exhaust dyeing is the typical procedure for most commercial cloth dyeing. It depends of dye substantivity.
Exhaustion – It is the leaving of a dye from the dye bathroom in addition to attachment to the fibre existence dyed. The ideal dye would exhaust totally - all the dye inwards the dye bathroom would terminate upward on the fibre. Exhaustion is sometimes specified as a percentage. For example, 60% exhaustion would hateful that 60% of the full amount of dye has attached to the fiber, in addition to 40% is nonetheless inwards solution. Reactive dyes to a greater extent than often than non exhibit moderate exhaustion piece many acid dyes exhaust to the request that the dye liquor becomes nearly colorless.
Fixation – It is formation of the “final” bond betwixt the dye in addition to fiber. The bond type formed betwixt the fiber in addition to the dye varies amongst the type of dye in addition to the fiber. As examples, reactive dyes create past times covalent bonding piece acid dyes create past times a multifariousness of mechanisms such as ionic bonding in addition to hydrophobic forces. Disperse in addition to vat dyes are fixed inwards the fiber largely past times physical entrapment of insoluble dye inside the fiber.
Fixative - In dyeing, a chemic that helps meliorate launder fastness of dyed fabric. Some types of dye practice non bond strongly to fibers, in addition to volition launder out over time. Fixatives applied afterwards dyeing tin help, although unopen to volition degrade lite fastness or drive shade changes.
Formosul – It is a merchandise elevate for sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate.
Fuchsia – This is a bluish-red color named afterwards a blossom named afterwards Herr Fuchs.
Glass Transition Temperature - The temperature higher upward which a stuff changes from a brittle,“glassy” nature to a rubbery nature; on cooling, the stuff changes dorsum to glassy Synthetic fibres, such as polyester in addition to nylon exhibit this alter of physical character. The charge per unit of measurement of dye uptake increases dramatically when the fiber is close or higher upward the drinking glass transition temperature. If the drinking glass transition temperature is higher upward the boiling request of water, as it is amongst polyester, the dyeing charge per unit of measurement is extremely wearisome fifty-fifty at the boil.
Greige – It way the greyish phase of cloth or the cloth used to dyeing. In North America, greige is often used to depict loom acre cloth that is unbleached, contains size in addition to lubricants, in addition to may hold out a fleck dirty. Greige goods are made ready for dyeing past times singeing, desizing, scouring in addition to normally bleaching.
Hand Feel - the experience of a cloth through hand. Hand of a cloth is quite subjective, in addition to often hard to describe. Both chemic in addition to mechanical treatments are oftentimes used to alter the mitt of a fabric. To increment mitt experience of cloth softener is used usually.
Hardness - With honour to water, a stair out of the content of minerals that impart for certain properties.
Calcium in addition to magnesium ions are principal drive of hardness in water. They tin interfere amongst unopen to chemic processes inwards grooming in addition to dyeing.
Hydrogen bond – It is the weakest chemic bond inwards which hydrogen that is already covalently bonded to 1 atom is electrically attracted to a solely duet of electrons on unopen to other atom. Some atoms such as oxygen are said to hold out rattling electronegative, which way that they strongly pull bonding electrons toward themselves. If hydrogen is bonded to such an atom, the hydrogen “appears” to get got unopen to positive charge.